Suggested Citation: Jung, B.C. (2020-2021). COVID-19 Internet Resources.
https://www.bettycjung.net/COVID-19.htm
Mission: To provide a one-stop Web resource page with factual information about the COVID-19 Pandemic
According to PEW , social media users share COVID-19 information mostly from news sources (74%) and very little from health and science resources (1%). This could mean that people do not know where to look for credible science-based information about COVID-19.
On June 18, 2020, JAMA reported "Coronavirus disease 2019-related knowledge and behaviors were associated with race/ethnicity, sex, and age. African American participants, men, and people younger than 55 years were less likely to know how the disease is spread, were less likely to know the symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019, and left the home more often."
Furthermore, the prevalence of Coronavirus myths addressed by the World Health Organization indicates that there is much disinformation and misinformation on the Internet about the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Therefore, I have decided to create this resource page for those interested in learning more about the pandemic. It is my hope, as Master Certified Health Education Specialist (MCHES®), that you will be able get the credible information you need here to make the decisions you have to make to deal with the pandemic in your life. I am dedicated to keeping this page updated with vetted sources, and welcome your feedback. (July 6, 2020)
Table of Content (Major sections)
COVID-19 Pandemic
CDC has three numbers you should consider to know if you've been exposed to the coronavirus: If you've been within six feet of an infected person for at least 15 minutes starting from 48 hours before the infected person began feeling sick, you are considered to have been in close contact with the virus.
VIDEO
A build-up of 21st century forces resulting in illness
Graphic source: https://www.bmj.com/content/373/bmj.n657
A Timeline of COVID-19 Developments in 2020 1/2021 First Case of COVID-19 in NYC, First Death Reported in Washington State March 1, 2020 A tale of 2020 in 20 McKinsey charts 12/2020 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) CDC.gov COVID-19 Coronavirus Tracker KFF.org Coronavirus - seven steps to prevent the spread of the virus via @YouTube COVID-19 Conversations Covid-19: a disaster five years in the making BMJ.com 4/2021 5 reasons the pandemic is so very far from over. 6/2020. No matter what else happens, the coronavirus isn't going away. 5 Things Everyone Should Know About the 2019 Novel Coronavirus 1/2020 Yalemedicine.org 11 questions about the coronavirus we still can't answer. 5/2020. Here's what we don't know about the coronavirus and why it really matters. A Timeline of the Coronavirus Pandemic Continuous. NY Times. A Viral Epidemic Splintering Into Deadly Pieces 7/2020 Coronavirus, explained: Everything to know about COVID-19, the deadly virus alarming the world 3/2020 USAToday Coronavirus outbreak: Live updates Continuous Essential Vocab For COVID-19: From Asymptomatic To Zoonotic 6/2020 NPR Facts about novel coronavirus and how to prevent COVID-19 Seattle Times How did we get here Retrospective from ABC news video Must-Know Vocab For COVID-19: From Droplets To Zoonotic 1/2020 NPR.org Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) WHO.int Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) @WHO via @YouTube Our New COVID-19 Vocabulary: What Does It All Mean? Yale Medicine
Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) A Review 7/2020 A pandemic year. Sorrow and stamina, defiance and despair. It’s been a year. 3/2021 Six lessons the UK should have learned, one year on from its first lockdown 3/2021 Six Rules That Will Define Our Second Pandemic Winter. The pandemic keeps changing, but these principles can guide your thinking through the seasons to come. 9/2021 The Coronavirus Explained & What You Should Do via @YouTube The Coronavirus in America: The Year Ahead 4/2020 NY Times The novel Chinese coronavirus, everything you need to know 1/2020 ZME Science The Vox guide to navigating the coronavirus crisis The world is nowhere near the end of the Covid pandemic, says famed epidemiologist Larry Brilliant 8/2021 What you should know about COVID-19 to protect yourself and others CDC.gov When will it be over? 3 key numbers scientists are watching to track the pandemic. There won't be an on/off switch for the pandemic, but epidemiologists are watching certain metrics for signs of improvement. 3/2021 Why Pandemics Give Birth To Hate: From Bubonic Plague To COVID-19 3/2021
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Public Health Technical Reports
Biden's COVID Plan Offers a Path Out of the Pandemic - The layered approach is bold and unequivocally legal 9/2021 Confronting health misinformation - The U.S. Surgeon General’s Advisory on Building a Healthy Information Environment 2021 COVID-19 Key Insights from GAO's Oversight of the Federal Public Health Response 2/2021 COVID-19: Make it the Last Pandemic - Main Page 5/2021 Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response. Links to supporting documentation COVID-19: Make it the Last Pandemic: The main report presents the Panel’s findings and recommendations. 5/2021 COVID-19: Make it the Last Pandemic: A Summary. 5/2021 COVID-19 Science Update CDC.gov How an Outbreak Became a Pandemic: The defining moments of the COVID-19 pandemic - The companion evidence-based narrative describes 13 defining moments which have shaped the course of the pandemic. 5/2021 Improving communications around vaccine breakthrough and vaccine effectiveness 7/2021 CDC Occupational Exposure to COVID-19; Emergency Temporary Standard Federal Register 7/2021 Occupational Exposure to COVID-19; Emergency Temporary Standard Federal Register 7/2021 PDF Version APIC Assessment of the OSHA COVID-19 Emergency Temporary Standard
June 30, 2021 Too Much, Too Late: Health Groups Pan OSHA Rule on COVID Precautions - Applies to any healthcare setting, including nursing homes and home health 7/2021 ‘Public Health 101 failure’: CDC mask decision may knock out Biden’s workplace Covid crackdown 5/2021 Proposed Limits on Public Health Authority: Dangerous for Public Health NACCHO May 2021 Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). February 16-24, 2020 MMWR - COVID-19 Reports 50 Top Legal Experts Find U.S. Policy Response to COVID-19 Dangerously Lacking, Recommend Steps to Safeguard Health, Civil and Human Rights 8/2020 A Glossary of Key Terms CDC.gov A guide to WHO's guidance on COVID-19 America’s Covid-19 deaths, explained in 8 charts and maps 2/2021 Brief Update on Initial Federal Response to the Pandemic 8/2020 Children and COVID-19: State Data Report - A joint report from the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Children's Hospital Association 4/23/2021 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Frequently Asked Questions FDA.gov 2019-novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Facts & Misconceptions(Multilingual) 3/2020 Coronavirus gets official name from WHO: COVID-19 2/11/2020 Coronavirus Oversight 6/2020. An ongoing review of the federal response to the COVID-19 pandemic and oversight of related spending. Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports WHO.int Country & Technical Guidance - Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) WHO.int Covid-19: A Year In Review Connecticut COVID-19 New Insights on a Rapidly Changing Epidemic 2/2020 COVID-19 : Opportunities to Improve Federal Response and Recovery Efforts Report to the Congress 6/25/2020 COVID-19 - a global pandemic. What do we know about SARS-CoV-2 and
COVID-19? WHO.int 05 June 2020
COVID-19: Urgent Actions Needed to Better Ensure an Effective Federal Response GAO.gov 11/2020 Dear Colleague, COVID-19 Updates May 31 - June 6, 2020 New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Updated guidance and scientific literature on COVID-19 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control - COVID-19 pandemic How Your Brain Tricks You Into Taking Risks During the Pandemic 11/2020 Inside the Fall of the CDC 10/2020 Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) February 16-24, 2020 WHO.int Scientific consensus on the COVID-19 pandemic: we need to act now 10/2020 Shut it down, start over, do it right 7/2020 TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT; COVID-19 Data Quality and Considerations for Modeling and Analysis 7/2020 GAO.gov The COVID-19 Pandemic in the US A Clinical Update 4/2020 Timeline: WHO's COVID-19 response Interactive Timeline of WHO's response to COVID-19 Continuous Tips for professional reporting on COVID-19 vaccines 12/2020 Webinar for journalists and communicators: Covering COVID-19 vaccines in a responsible and evidence-based manner. PAHO.org WHO says Covid pandemic is growing ‘exponentially’ at more than 4.4 million new cases a week 4/2021 WHO-convened global study of origins of SARS-CoV-2: China Part. Joint WHO-China study: 14 January - 10 February 2021 3/2021 Joint Report - ANNEXES 3/2021 Joint Statement on the WHO-Convened COVID-19 Origins Study 3/30/2021 Surprising Nuggets From The WHO Report: Our Science Correspondent Digs In 4/2021 NPR.org
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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Visualization Sites
United States
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-is-the-number-one-cause-of-death-in-the-u-s-in-early-2021/
Video source: NBC News
Healthcare & Hospitalization
Vaccinations
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/15/upshot/epidemiologists-covid-return-normal.html
Connecticut
Other COVID-19 Trackers
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COVID-19 Research Information
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COVID-19 Databases, Registries, Repositories Back to Table of Contents
CDC & Other Federal Agency Guidance
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Public Health Issues
Graphic source; NY Times
Graphic source; https://www.vox.com/2020/5/28/21270515/coronavirus-covid-reopen-economy-social-distancing-states-map-data
Graphic source; https://www.vox.com/2020/5/28/21270515/coronavirus-covid-reopen-economy-social-distancing-states-map-data
America’s Covid-19 death toll has surpassed 400,000
The coronavirus has officially killed more Americans than World War II. 1/2021 America's uniquely bad Covid-19 epidemic, explained in 18 maps and charts. The US's coronavirus epidemic is among the worst. Here's what you need to know. 8/2020 CDC Document Shows Just How Badly the U.S. Is Handling Coronavirus Compared to Other Countries 6/2020 Cognitive Bias and Public Health Policy During the COVID-19 Pandemic 6/2020 COVID-19 in the U.S., One Year Later - Patient's treatment similar to care for moderate, hospitalized illness today 1/2021 COVID-19 Screenings at U.S. Airports Remain Inconsistent. Experts say the lack of effective virus screenings or contact tracing plays a role in the spread of COVID-19 in the country. 8/2020 Don’t blame the weather for fall COVID-19 spikes 11/2020 Expert report predicts up to two more years of pandemic misery 5/2020 Gaps in early surveillance of coronavirus led to record-breaking US trajectory 8/2020
How Did It Come to This? The Delta variant is winning, for the moment, and the CDC’s coronavirus map shows that we’re failing to fight it. 7/2021 How does the coronavirus outbreak end? 3/2020 Government's failure to contain the coronavirus means it may be here to stay. Inconsistencies in data presentation could harm efforts against COVID-19
New research shows broad array of different content, formats in data available on national public health institutes' websites 8/2020 Inside the Fall of the CDC 10/2020 One Year, 400,000 Coronavirus Deaths: How the U.S. Guaranteed Its Own Failure
After the White House declined to pursue a unified national strategy, governors faced off against lobbyists, health experts and a restless public consumed by misinformation. 1/2021 Order to Reclassify Civil Service Posts Will Compromise Responses to Public Health Threats 10/2020 Shut down the country and start over to contain Covid-19, US medical experts urge political leaders 7/2020 'So frustrating': Grave missteps seen in US virus response 10/2020 The CDC’s Delta Variant Panic. The agency spreads needless worry about vaccinations. 8/2021 The C.D.C. Needs to Stop Confusing the Public 7/2021 The inside story of how Trump’s COVID-19 coordinator undermined the world’s top health agency 101/2020 The Long Darkness Before Dawn
With vaccines and a new administration, the pandemic will be tamed. But experts say the coming months are going to be just horrible. 12/2020 The Pandemic Could Get Much, Much Worse. We Must Act Now. A comprehensive shutdown may be required in much of the country. 7/2020 Just 4 states meet these basic criteria to reopen and stay safe 7/2020 The 3 charts that disprove Donald Trump’s convention speech. Trump wants to take credit for something he didn’t do, and dodge blame for something he did do. 8/2020 The Unique U.S. Failure to Control the Virus 8/2020 The US is diving into a dark Covid hole -- and there's no plan to get out 7/2020 This Is What Fueled California's Deadly COVID Outbreak, New Study Says
MANY CORONAVIRUS DEATHS COULD HAVE BEEN AVOIDED IF THE STATE HAD BEEN BETTER PREPARED. 8/2020
Trump lied about science 9/2020 Sciencemag.org We don't have a president, or a plan. 5/2020. 60 days into the coronavirus crisis, the White House does not have a plan, a framework, a philosophy, or a goal. What happens next in the coronavirus outbreak? 2/2020. We mapped 8 scenarios. Four ways it could devolve into a dangerous pandemic, and four ways it could steadily improve. Why the U.S. Is Losing the War on COVID-19 8/2020
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Epidemiology of COVID-19
Infectious Disease Models
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-20-582SP
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-20-582SP
COVID-19 Virology
Graphic source: https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/22586816/next-coronavirus-variant-delta-covid-19
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-020-0709-x.pdf
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-020-0709-x.pdf
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01749-7
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01749-7
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01749-7
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-020-0695-z
COVID-19 Metrics
Graphic source: https://www.propublica.org/article/how-to-understand-covid-19-numbers
Graphic source: https://www.propublica.org/article/how-to-understand-covid-19-numbers
Graphic source: https://www.propublica.org/article/how-to-understand-covid-19-numbers
Graphic source: https://www.propublica.org/article/how-to-understand-covid-19-numbers
Graphic source: https://globalepidemics.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/key_metrics_and_indicators_v4.pdf
Graphic source: https://globalepidemics.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/key_metrics_and_indicators_v4.pdf
Graphic source: https://globalepidemics.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/key_metrics_and_indicators_v4.pdf
Graphic source: https://globalepidemics.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/key_metrics_and_indicators_v4.pdf
Graphic source: https://globalepidemics.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/key_metrics_and_indicators_v4.pdf
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COVID-19 Dust Surveillance
COVID-19 Genomic Surveillance
COVID-19 Hotspot Surveillance
4th Surge
Graphic source: TIME
Graphic source: https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2021/06/24/new-metric-identifies-coronavirus-hotspots-in-real-time/
Graphic source: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2021/06/02/science.abh0635
Graphic source: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2021/06/02/science.abh0635
Graphic source: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2021/06/02/science.abh0635
Graphic source: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2021/06/02/science.abh0635
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/world/coronavirus-maps.html
Graphic source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877584520300320
Graphic source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877584520300320
COVID-19 Wastewater Surveillance
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COVID-19 Outbreak
Graphic source: https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/covid-cases-deaths-rising-u-s-cdc-warns-pandemic-unvaccinated-n1274161
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/world/covid-cases.html
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/world/coronavirus-maps.html
Graphic source: https://www.vox.com/2020/11/8/21550345/50-million-confirmed-cases-covid-19-worldwide
Graphic source: https://www.vox.com/2020/11/8/21550345/50-million-confirmed-cases-covid-19-worldwide
Epidemic curve of daily cases of laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in Hong Kong by symptom onset date and colored by cluster category (n=1,038).
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-1092-0/figures/1
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6922e1.htm
Timeline Comparing the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreaks
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2762130
Graphic Source: NY Times Graphic, via @FelicityCarus #MackayIM
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COVID-19 Outbreak Trends
July-August 2021 - Delta Variant Running Rampant in the U.S.
Graphic source: CNN
Graphic source: https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/graphics/2020/03/10/us-coronavirus-map-tracking-united-states-outbreak/4945223002/
Graphic source: https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/30/822491838/coronavirus-world-map-tracking-the-spread-of-the-outbreak
Map source: CDC
Video source: https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/21353986/coronavirus-covid-pandemic-usa-america-maps-charts-data
July 7, 2021
Graphic source: https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/coronavirus-map-confirmed-cases-2020-n1120686
July 7, 201
Graphic source: https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/coronavirus-map-confirmed-cases-2020-n1120686
Graphic source:
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/30/822491838/coronavirus-world-map-tracking-the-spread-of-the-outbreak
Graphic source: https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/28/health/coronavirus-million-global-deaths-intl/index.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6939e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6939e1.htm
Graphic source:
https://www.statista.com/chart/20651/locations-by-number-of-confirmed-wuhan-coronavirus-cases/
Graphic source: https://www.brookings.edu/2020/04/02/the-early-days-of-a-global-pandemic-a-timeline-of-covid-19-spread-and-government-interventions/
Graphic source; https://twitter.com/bettycjung/status/1282357711703887872
Graphic source: https://www.pressherald.com/2020/07/05/how-the-geography-of-the-pandemic-is-determined-by-centuries-old-regional-differences/
Graphic source:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/06/18/trump-claims-coronavirus-pandemic-is-ending-data-experts-disagree/
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/Risk/Our%20Insights/COVID%2019%20Implications%20for%20business/COVID%2019%20May%2027/COVID-19-Facts-and-Insights-June-1-vF.ashx
Percentage of emergency department (ED) visits for COVID-19-like illness (CLI), in 14 counties (three in California and Washington [A]; four in Illinois, Louisiana, Massachusetts, and Michigan [B]; and seven in New York [C]) -National Syndromic Surveillance System, February 1-April 7, 2020
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6922e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/21/global-coronavirus-cases-surpass-5-million-johns-hopkins-data-shows.html
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/EricTopol/status/1260659915816792064
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/yaneerbaryam/status/1256769252369072134
Graphic source: https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20200424/more-data-bolsters-higher-covid-prevalence
Graphic source: https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-coronavirus-cases-top-1-000-11583917794
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6933e2.htm
FIGURE 1. Number of COVID-19 hotspot alerts, by county and number of days* meeting hotspot criteria for (A) March 8-April 30, (B) May 1-31, (C) June 1-July 15, and (D) entire period - United States, March 8-July 15, 2020
Map source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6933e2.htm
FIGURE 2. Daily number of COVID-19 hotspot alerts, by urbanicity, and 7-day average of new reported cases - United States, March 8-July 15, 2020
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6933e2.htm
5 ways to prevent another 100,000 coronavirus deaths in the US (and beyond) 5/2020 It's time to fix the glaring gaps in death data and drastically improve measures to keep the coronavirus out of nursing homes. Burden and characteristics of COVID-19 in the United States during 2020 8/2021 Coronavirus Epidemics Began Later Than Believed, Study Concludes 5/27/2020 Covid-19 cases are falling in the U.S. It could be a calm before a variant-driven storm 2/2021 COVID-19 spikes in South Africa, Melbourne offer America clues ahead of winter 2020. Will the U.S., which has so far failed repeatedly to get ahead of COVID-19's spread, start paying attention in time? 8/2020 The early days of a global pandemic: A timeline of COVID-19 spread and government interventions Evidence Mounts for Greater COVID Prevalence 4/2020 How the Virus Won 6/2020 Geographic Differences in COVID-19 Cases, Deaths, and Incidence - United States, February 12-April 7, 2020 MMWR 4/2020 How the geography of the pandemic is determined by centuries-old regional differences 7/2020. Analysis: Fundamental differences in the balance between individual liberty and the common good are reflected in COVID-19 trends. 'It was hell': How Covid-19 surges played out season by season
The virus came in waves, creating scenes of lockdowns in one state while beaches remained open in another. 3/2021 6/2020. Time Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study 1/2020 The U.S. Has Officially Unflattened the Curve With Its Worst Day of the Coronavirus Pandemic Yet 6/2020 'This Day Was Bound to Come': Taiwan Confronts a Covid Flare-Up. The island’s border controls had shielded it from the worst of the pandemic. But new variants and a slow vaccine rollout gave the virus an opening. 5/2021
Trends in Number and Distribution of COVID-19 Hotspot Counties-United States, March 8-July 15, 2020 8/2020 Virus Cases Surged in Young Adults. The Elderly Were Hit Next. 9/2020 Younger Adults Caught in COVID-19 Crosshairs as Demographics Shift 11/2020
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The Search for Patient Zero
First documented case (11/17/2019)
Map Source: https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1009620
1st known case of coronavirus traced back to November in China Livescience.com 55-yr-old Hubei resident, who contracted coronavirus on 17 November, could have been the 'patient zero', says Chinese media 3/14/2020 A Year Ago, 'Patient 1' Was Infected With Covid-19 11/20/2020 China Had First Coronavirus Case in November 2019 Itself 3/12/2020 Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China 1/24/2020. The Lancet Coronavirus – the science: The search for ‘patient zero’ 3/17/2020 Dating first cases of COVID-19 6/2021 Exclusive | Coronavirus: China’s first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17 3/13/2020 First COVID-19 case could have emerged in China in Oct 2019 - study 6/2021 First Covid-19 case happened in November, China government records show - report. Earliest case detected on 17 November, weeks before authorities acknowledged new virus, says Chinese media The Guardian 3/13/2020 First COVID-19 case can be traced back to November 17 in China's Hubei province: Report 3/13/2020 How Close Are We To Learning COVID's Origin Story? Experts discuss practical implications of a natural or accidental introduction for the virus 6/2021 It's Been Exactly One Year Since the First Case of COVID Was Found in China 11/17/2020 The first COVID-19 case originated on November 17, according to Chinese officials searching for 'patient zero' 3/13/2020 Timing the SARS-CoV-2 index case in Hubei province 4/23/2021
When did patient zero catch COVID-19? Using computer simulations, this may be the most accurate timeframe yet. 6/2021 When did the first COVID-19 case arise? Novel analysis suggests much earlier, more rapid spread than confirmed cases imply 6/2021
Continual search for Patient Zero
Map source: https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/07/19/1016005828/new-data-leads-to-rethinking-once-more-where-the-pandemic-actually-began
7 facts about the origin of the novel coronavirus 7/2021 Amid Signs Coronavirus Came Earlier, Americans Ask: Did I Already Have It? 4/2020 Autopsies reveal first confirmed U.S. coronavirus deaths occurred in California in February 4/2020 Biden asks intelligence community to 'redouble' efforts to determine the origins of Covid-19. "I have now asked the Intelligence Community to redouble their efforts to collect and analyze information that could bring us closer to a definitive conclusion, and to report back to me in 90 days," the statement said. 5/2021 C.D.C. Confirms First Possible Community Transmission of Coronavirus in U.S. - A case in California may be the first infection without a known link to travel abroad. 3/2020 China refused to provide WHO team with raw data on early COVID cases, team member says 2/2021 China to test thousands of Wuhan blood samples in Covid-19 probe 10/2021 Coronavirus Was In U.S. Weeks Earlier Than Previously Known, Study Says 12/2020 COVID-19 Appeared in Boy in Italy in November 2019 12/2020 Explainer: The WHO's theories about the origins of COVID-19 after Wuhan probe 2/2021 G7 leaders will call for fresh WHO inquiry into Covid origins, leaked communique suggests 6/2021 Intel agencies scour reams of genetic data from Wuhan lab in Covid origins hunt 8/2021 Intelligence on Sick Staff at Wuhan Lab Fuels Debate on Covid-19 Origin. Report says researchers went to hospital in November 2019, shortly before confirmed outbreak; adds to calls for probe of whether virus escaped lab 5/2021 Investigate the origins of COVID-19 5/2021 Leading scientist says that without a full investigation of lab leak theory, the world will face 'covid-26 and covid-32' 6/2021 New Data Leads To Rethinking (Once More) Where The Pandemic Actually Began 7/2021 NIH researchers find more evidence Covid was circulating in the US in December 2019 6/2021 Novel Coronavirus Circulated Undetected Months before First COVID-19 Cases in Wuhan, China. Study dates emergence to as early as October 2019; simulations suggest in most cases zoonotic viruses die out naturally before causing a pandemic 3/2021 Recovery of deleted deep sequencing data sheds more light on the early Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 epidemic 6/2021 Search Continues for COVID Patient Zero 7/2021
Serologic Testing of US Blood Donations to Identify Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)–Reactive Antibodies: December 2019–January 2020 6/2021 The coronavirus may have reached Los Angeles even before China announced its outbreak 9/2020 1st U.S. coronavirus death was weeks earlier than initially believed Two previously unreported cases from February in California appear to be the nation's first confirmed deaths from COVID-19. 4/2020 Coronavirus: France's first known case was in December 5/2020 France Discovers Undiagnosed Coronavirus Patient From Last Year 5/2020 French Doctors Find COVID-19 Case From December - A Month Before 1st Known Case There 5/2020 From Wuhan to Paris to Milan, the search for 'patient zero' 7/2021 Inside the Global Quest to Trace the Origins of COVID-19 and Predict Where It Will Go Next
Time 7/2020 New Report Says Coronavirus May Have Made Early Appearance in France 5/2020 New York area's 'patient zero' says coronavirus 'wasn't on my mind' when he got sick 5/2020 'Patient zero': The misunderstood stories of how disease spreads 11/2016 Study Suggests Coronavirus Emerged Much Earlier Than Thought. Some Are Skeptical. 6/2020 The Legal Stakes of a Lab Leak - China could be on the hook for a trillion dollars, but the U.S. isn't blameless 6/2021 The Mysterious Case of the COVID-19 Lab-Leak Theory 10/2021 The Occam’s Razor Argument Has Not Shifted in Favor of a Lab Leak 7/2021. Proponents of the theory that COVID-19 originated as a result of work performed at the Wuhan Institute of Virology keep repeating the same misinformation. The science around the lab leak theory hasn't changed. But here's why some scientists have. Five virologists said few conclusions can be drawn based on the available scientific evidence, but they noted that the context and circumstances of the debate have changed. 6/2021
Top U.S. health official calls for 'transparent' new probe into origins of pandemic.The comments come after a U.S. intelligence report said lab workers in Wuhan, China, fell ill in November 2019, before the first cases were reported. 5/2021 Trump's gone, but China, U.S. still at odds over WHO Covid report. "It's kind of disappointing that it's come to controversy already - the report is not even out," one of the members of the WHO-led team said. Unclassified Summary of Assessment on COVID-19 Origins DNI.gov 9/2021 U.S. intel officials divided over whether Covid came from China lab accident. One U.S. agency says with moderate confidence the virus infected humans after a lab incident, but four others say with low confidence it emerged naturally. 8/2021 U.S. intel report identified 3 Wuhan lab researchers who fell ill in November 2019 5/2021 The details add to circumstantial evidence supporting a theory Covid-19 spread to humans after escaping from a lab. But the evidence is far from conclusive. U.S. still hasn't ruled out lab accident origin for Covid because China hasn't been transparent. U.S. officials haven't shown any evidence pointing to a lab escape, and scientists call the scenario unlikely. The U.S. wants China to share information. 2/2021 When Did the Coronavirus Arrive in the U.S.? Here's a Review of the Evidence. 5/2020 WHO in Wuhan is probing Covid's origins as politics hangs over mission. "The objective of the investigation is not to designate a guilty country," one expert said. "But we also have to be realistic: This is a very politicized world." 1/2021 Why it's so tricky to trace the origin of COVID-19. A 90-day investigation into the source of SARS-CoV-2 has shown consensus that the virus was not engineered. But many other elements remain a mystery. 9/2021 Why it will soon be too late to find out where COVID-19 originated. Time is running out to identify the source of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak 20 months ago 8/2021 Will we ever find COVID-19's 'Patient Zero?' A lack of transparency on the virus' early days makes for an uphill battle. 7/2021
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Zoonotic Origins
Graphic source: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-convened-global-study-of-originI>
Animal source of the coronavirus continues to elude scientists 5/2020
Bats and pangolins in Southeast Asia harbour SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses, reveals new study 2/2021 Bats & pangolins in Southeast Asia harbour SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses, reveals new study 2/2021 Bat Coronaviruses in China 3/2019 Bats offer clues to treating COVID-19 7/2020. To combat COVID-19, we need to regulate our immune systems to resemble those of bats Bat origin of human coronaviruses 2015 Bat 'super immunity' may explain how bats carry coronaviruses, study finds. Bat-virus adaptation may explain species spillover, researchers say 5/2020 Bats Harbor Hundreds Of Coronaviruses, And Spillovers Aren't Rare 2/2020 COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin 3/2020 COVID-19 highlights risks of wildlife trade 11/2020 Did a new coronavirus go from dog to human? 5/2021 Dutch Minks Contract COVID-19 And Appear To Infect Humans 6/2020 Evolutionary history, potential intermediate animal host, and cross‐species analyses of SARS-CoV-2 2/2020 Evolution of pandemic coronavirus outlines path from animals to humans 5/2020 The virus's ability to change makes it likely that new human coronaviruses will arise From Bats to Human Lungs, the Evolution of a Coronavirus 3/2020
Genomic analysis reveals many animal species may be vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection 8/2020 Global report: Wuhan lab says its bat strains were not Covid-19 as US nears 100,000 deaths 5/2020 How Humanity Unleashed a Flood of New Diseases 6/2020 How WHO is working to track down the animal reservoir of the SARS-CoV-2 virus 11/2020 Inside the Global Quest to Trace the Origins of COVID-19 and Predict Where It Will Go Next Time 7/2020 It’s Much More Likely the Coronavirus Came from Wildlife, Not a Lab 4/2021 New coronavirus can spread between humans—but it started in a wildlife market 1/2020 New Coronavirus Detected In Patients At Malaysian Hospital; The Source May Be Dogs 5/2021 Next Pandemic: Scientists Fear Another Coronavirus Could Jump From Animals To Humans 3/2021 Novel coronavirus may have been transmitted to humans from snakes 1/2020 (Controversial) Newly emerged coronavirus did not spill over from scaly anteaters, researchers say 5/2020 Origin and cross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses in China 6/2020 Preventing the next pandemic - Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission U.N. Report 7/2020 Researchers trace coronavirus outbreak in China to snakes 1/2020 (Controversial, just including it for the sake of completeness) SARS-CoV-2 jumped from bats to humans without much change, study finds 3/2021 SARS-CoV-2 looks like a hybrid of viruses from two different species 6/2020 Pieces of several genomes recombined to produce the pandemic-causing pathogen. SARS-CoV-2 relative found lurking in frozen bats from Cambodia 11/2020 SARS-CoV-2 Viral Mutations: Impact on COVID-19 Tests FDA.gov Team pinpoints the origin story of SARS-CoV-2 7/2020 Two more coronaviruses can infect people, studies suggest 5/2021 U.N. Predicts Rise In Diseases That Jump From Animals To Humans Due To Habitat Loss 7/2020 What are zoonotic diseases and what can we do about them? 5/2020 Why snakes probably aren't spreading the new China virus. One genetic analysis suggests reptilian reservoir — but researchers doubt that the coronavirus could have originated in animals other than birds or mammals. 1/2020 Why They're Called Wet Markets And What Health Risks They Might Pose 1/2020 WHO Points To Wildlife Farms In Southern China As Likely Source Of Pandemic 3/2021 Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses 2020
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COVID-19 in Animals
Graphic source: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-convened-global-study-of-origins-of-sars-cov-2-china-part-annexes.pdf
Graphic source: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-convened-global-study-of-origins-of-sars-cov-2-china-part-annexes.pdf
Graphic source: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-convened-global-study-of-origins-of-sars-cov-2-china-part-annexes.pdf
Graphic source: https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/genomic-analysis-reveals-many-animal-species-may-be-vulnerable-sars-cov-2-infection
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6923e3.htm
SARS-CoV-2 in Animals in the United States USDA.gov Animals and COVID-19 CDC.gov Cases of SARS-CoV-2 in Animals in the United States USDA.gov Cases of SARS-CoV-2 in Animals in the United States PDF List Cats and dogs get COVID-19 from their owners at extremely high rates 7/2021 Confirmation of COVID-19 in Gorillas at a California Zoo 1/2021 Confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 in Animals in the United States USDA.gov Coronavirus: COVID detection like 'wine-tasting' for dogs who can sniff out the disease 6/2020 COVID-19 and Animals CDC.gov COVID Variants Detected in Animals, May Find Hosts in Mice 3/2021 Demand for cheetahs as pets is leading to their extinction. "When they hear the cheetah is expensive, they say, 'Wow, we must catch them and sell them,'" veterinarian Muse Saed . 8/2020 Denmark finds 214 people with mink-related coronavirus 11/2020 Denmark Will Kill All Farmed Mink, Citing Coronavirus Infections. Government officials said on Wednesday that a mutation in the virus could interfere with vaccine effectiveness in humans. 11/2020
Evaluation for SARS-CoV-2 Testing in Animals 3/2021 Exclusive: Buddy, first dog to test positive for COVID-19 in the U.S., has died 7/2020 Experimental infection of domestic dogs and cats with SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, transmission, and response to re-exposure in cats 9/2020 FAQ on Animal Coronavirus Testing First Reported Cases of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Companion Animals - New York, March-April 2020 6/2020 Genomic Analysis Reveals Many Animal Species May Be Vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 Infection 8/2020 Gorillas at San Diego Zoo Test Positive for COVID 1/2021 Helpful Questions and Answers about Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Your Pets FDA.gov Here's why Denmark culled 17 million minks and now plans to dig up their buried bodies. The Covid mink crisis, explained 12/2020 How Mink, Like Humans, Were Slammed by the Coronavirus. Rampaging infections at farms caused scandal, scientific head-scratching and a search for a vaccine — for mink. 12/2020 If You Have Pets CDC.gov Interim SARS-CoV-2 Guidance and Recommendations for Farmed Mink and Other Mustelids 8/2020 New unpublished studies show that dogs and cats with COVID-positive owners frequently have SARS-CoV-2 antibodies 7/2021 Pangolin coronavirus could jump to humans, research suggests 2/2021 Pets and Other Animals CDC.gov Questions and Answers on the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) World Organization for Animal Health Reducing the Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Spreading between People and Wildlife CDC.gov SARS-CoV-2 Natural Transmission from Human to Cat, Belgium, March 2020 8/2020 San Diego Zoo Safari Park gorillas test positive for COVID-19 1/2021 Studies focus on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in domestic cats, pigs 11/2020 Study confirms cats can become infected with and may transmit COVID-19 to other cats 5/2020 The Coronavirus Kills Mink, So They Too May Get a Vaccine. The pandemic has been a powerful reminder that there is no clear barrier between viruses affecting animals and people 1/2021 Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on mink farms between humans and mink and back to humans 1/2021 Virus Variants Can Infect Mice, Scientists Report 3/2021 WHO looks at mink farm biosecurity globally after Danish coronavirus cases 11/2020 Your pets can catch Covid from you, and cats appear more susceptible than dogs. The more time a cat spent with its owner, the higher the risk of infection, new research finds. 6/2021
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Genomic Sequencing Characteristics
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-21-426sp
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6928a5.htm
Graphic source: https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2020/06/09/2008176117
Graphic source: https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2020/06/09/2008176117
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/30/science/coronavirus-mutations.html
Graphic source: Nature Briefing
Graphic source; https://www.zmescience.com/science/cells-infected-coronavirus-95362/
Video source: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/22/us/coronavirus-sequencing.html
Blood Type
Graphic source: https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/932333
Graphic source: https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/932333
Graphic source: https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/935827
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Genomics
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Genetic Mutations; COVID-19 Variants
Graphic source: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sarscov2-variants-renamed-101622507347899.html
Graphic source: https://informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/covid-19-coronavirus-infographic-datapack/
Graphic source: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/08/new-sars-cov-2-variants-have-changed-pandemic-what-will-virus-do-next
Graphic source: NY Times, via F. Perry Wilson, Methods Man
VIDEO
Graphic source: Our World in Data
Graphic source: https://www.who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants/
Graphic source: https://www.who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants/
Graphic source: https://cosmosmagazine.com/health/medicine/new-variants-on-the-rise/#science
VIDEO
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Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/health/coronavirus-variant-tracker.html
Graphic source: https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20210324/variants-of-variants-seen-in-covid-ravaged-brazil
Graphic source: https://usafacts.org/articles/1-in-6-americans-are-fully-vaccinated-and-4-more-new-things-about-covid-19/
Source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7003e2.htm
Source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7003e2.htm
Source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7003e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/map-track-spread-covid-19-variants-across-united-states-n1256131 March 9, 2021
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7008e1.htm
Graphic source: https://cosmosmagazine.com/health/medicine/mutations-variants-and-strains/
Graphic source: https://cov-lineages.org/global_report.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7003e2.htm
COVID-19 Variant reported by Japan, January 11, 2021
Graphic source: https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/ja/diseases/ka/corona-virus/2019-ncov/10107-covid19-33.html
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2775006
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/21/health/new-covid-strain-uk.html
Graphic source:
https://time.com/5870481/coronavirus-origins/
Specific Variants
Graphic source: https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/09/covid-epidemiologist-larry-brilliant-on-delta-variant-vaccinations.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7032e2.htm
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/CDCgov/status/1422286839457665031
Graphic source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ha6yUxze1vk&t=3s
The numerals in this illustration show the main mutation sites of the delta variant of the coronavirus, which is likely the most contagious version. Here, the virus's spike protein (red) binds to a receptor on a human cell (blue). [Juan Gaertner/Science Source]
Graphic source;https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/07/08/1013794996/why-the-delta-variant-is-so-contagious-a-new-study-sheds-light
VIDEO
Alpha variant of COVID-19 spread via 'super-seeding' event in UK, research finds 7/2021 A new coronavirus mutation is taking over the world. Here's what that means. 7/2020 A New Coronavirus Variant Is Spreading in New York, Researchers Report. The variant contains a mutation thought to help the virus dodge the immune system, scientists said. 2/2021 Another new coronavirus variant now detected in 13 countries. The variant, called B.1.525, contains a worrisome mutation. 2/2021 A Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern, B.1.526, Identified in New York 2/2021 Pre-Print Can Vaccines Stop Variants? Here's What We Know So Far 4/2021 Changes in symptomatology, reinfection, and transmissibility associated with the SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7: an ecological study 4/2021 Lancet Common Coronavirus Mutation May Actually Make COVID-19 More Susceptible to a Vaccine 11/2020 Concerning new Lambda Covid variant found in Australia 7/2021 Coronavirus has mutated at least once into two strains, study finds 3/2020 Coronavirus variants are spreading in India — what scientists know so far. Variants including B.1.617 have been linked to India’s surge in infections. Researchers are hurrying to determine how much of a threat they pose. 5/2021 Covid-19: Brazil virus already in UK 'not variant of concern', scientist says 1/2021 Covid-19: New coronavirus variant is identified in UK 12/2020 COVID-19 Outbreak Associated with a SARS-CoV-2 R.1 Lineage Variant in a Skilled Nursing Facility After Vaccination Program —- Kentucky, March 2021 4/2021 MMWR COVID-19 Response Team Warns of Rise in Variants - But evidence that vaccines reduce transmissibility is pointing into a very favorable direction 2/2021 COVID-19 virus variants are evolving ‘escape’ mutations, and immune-compromised patients provide a breeding ground 2/2021 Covid variant in South Africa is 'more of a problem' than the one in UK, official says 1/2021 Delta Becomes Dominant Coronavirus Variant in U.S. 7/7/2021 Delta is the 'most serious' COVID-19 variant, scientists say. How will it affect the US? 6/2021 Delta Becomes Dominant Coronavirus Variant in U.S. 7/2021 Delta Plus Is in the News Again, Here's Why - The variant encompasses three sublineages, but experts are not worried yet 8/2021 Did a Mutation Help the Coronavirus Spread? More Evidence, but Lingering Questions 7/2020 Doctors Say These Are the 4 COVID Strains You Need to Know 1/2021 B> Doomsday scenario: Lagging vaccine rates stir fears of dangerous variants
Officials say the virus remains a persistent enough threat to potentially mutate into something that puts even vaccinated people at heightened risk. 5/2021
Double mutant coronavirus variant surfaces in Bay Area. Here's what we know 4/2021 Emergence of a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Southern California 2/2021
Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Lineage - United States, December 29, 2020-January 12, 2021 1/2021 Emergency Committee on COVID-19 advises on variants, vaccines 1/2021 WHO.int Emerging Coronavirus Variants May Pose Challenges to Vaccines. Laboratory studies of mutations circulating in South Africa suggest they may dodge some of the body’s immune responses. 1/2021 Evaluating the Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Mutation D614G on Transmissibility and Pathogenicity 1/2021 Everything we know about the mu variant, the latest coronavirus mutation
The W.H.O. labeled mu as a "variant of interest" on Monday, noting it may be able to evade vaccines and antibodies 9/2021 Extraordinary Patient Offers Surprising Clues To Origins Of Coronavirus Variants 2/2021 FDA Issues Alert Regarding SARS-CoV-2 Viral Mutation to Health Care Providers and Clinical Laboratory Staff 1/2021 First confirmed case of Indian coronavirus variant in U.S. found in California. The strain was first detected last month by health officials in India. 4/2021 First Identified Cases of SARS-CoV-2 Variant B.1.1.7 in Minnesota - December 2020-January 2021 2/2021 MMWR First Vaccine Data Against Indian Variant - Researchers from England examined effectiveness of Pfizer, AstraZeneca vaccines 5/2021 Genetic Analysis Tracks SARS-CoV-2 Mutations in Human Hosts 6/2020 Genetic Variants of SARS-CoV-2 What Do They Mean? 1/2021 Genomic recombination events may reveal the evolution of coronavirus and the origin of SARS-CoV-2 12/2020 How Coronavirus Mutates and Spreads 4/2020 How Deadly Is the U.K. Variant? Updated analyses support worse clinical outcomes 2/2021 How Does the Coronavirus Variant Spread? Here’s What Scientists Know. Contagiousness is the hallmark of the mutated virus surfacing in the U.S. and more than a dozen other countries. 12/2020 How SARS-CoV-2 mutates to escape antibody binding. A scientific detective story unearths how SARS-CoV-2 evolves new variants that evade antibodies 2/2021 How the Delta variant achieves its ultrafast spread. Viral load is roughly 1,000 times higher in people infected with the Delta variant than those infected with the original coronavirus strain, according to a study in China. 7/2021 Increased mortality in community-tested cases of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 3/2021 India’s New ‘Double Mutant’ COVID Variant Emerges in U.S. - Stanford Identifies First Case 4/2021 How Worried Should You Be About COVID-19 Coronavirus Variants? 4/2021 Inside the B.1.1.7 Coronavirus Variant 1/2021 Japan has found a new Covid variant. Here’s how it compares to virus strains in the UK, South Africa 1/2011 Know About Coronavirus Mutants and Variants that Could Have Contributed to India's Second Wave 4/2021 Lambda COVID Variant Discovered in UK 6/2021 Mutation in new coronavirus increases chance of infection: study 6/2020 Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 offer insights into virus evolution 5/2020 Neither Alternative Was Good News: An Immunologist Traces the Spread of P.1, the Brazilian COVID Variant 4/2021 New California Variant May Be Driving Virus Surge There, Study Suggests. Researchers found that the variant originated in California and showed up in more than half of samples tested last week by researchers in Los Angeles. 1/2021 New coronavirus variant identified in German hospital 1/2021 New coronavirus variants could cause more reinfections, require updated vaccines 1/2021 New coronavirus variant spotted in California raises alarm 2/2021 New COVID Strain Has Reached the U.S. 9/2021 R.1. strain New Covid variant detected at Texas A&M lab shows signs of antibody resistance and more severe illness in young people 4/2021 New COVID 'Super Strains' Could Disrupt Life Again 1/2021 New COVID-19 Variants CDC.gov New mutant strain of new coronavirus detected in returnees from Brazil (Japan) 1/2021 New SARS-CoV-2 Variant Discovered In Japan Nearly Identical To Dangerous Brazilian Variant 2/2021 New Study Sheds Light on Clinical Significance of "Mutant" SARS-CoV-2 From the United Kingdom 2/2021 New virus variant detected in India; experts urge caution 3/2021 Nigerian scientist studies country's coronavirus variant 1/2021 No evidence for increased transmissibility from recurrent mutations in SARS-CoV-2 11/2020 People Are Talking About A 'Double Mutant' Variant In India. What Does That Mean? 4/2021 Phylogenomic analysis of COVID-19 summer and winter outbreaks in Hong Kong: An observational study Lancet.com 3/2021 Rapid Emergence and Epidemiologic Characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.526 Variant - New York City, New York, January 1-April 5, 2021 5/2021 MMWR Rapid Increase in Circulation of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant - Mesa County, Colorado, April-June 2021 8/2021 MMWR SARS-CoV-2: British variant is 45 percent more contagious than the original virus, study finds 4/2021 SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.526 emerging in the New York region detected by software utility created to query the spike mutational landscape 2/2021 Pre-Print SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines and the Growing Threat of Viral Variants 1/2021 JAMA SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.617 gives the immune system a hard time. Study with cell cultures shows that the mutant is less well inhibited by antibodies 7/2021 Sensitivity of infectious SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants to neutralizing antibodies 3/2021 Should We Be Concerned About the Lambda Variant? With its novel mutations, the variant first identified in Peru is being watched closely 7/2021 Southern California Is Origin of New COVID-19 Variant 2/2021 Spike Mutants from SARS-CoV-2 Variant B.1.1.7 The coronavirus has mutated and appears to be more contagious now, new study finds 5/2020 The Coronavirus Is Mutating. What Does That Mean for Us? Officials in Britain and South Africa claim new variants are more easily transmitted. There’s a lot more to the story, scientists say. 12/2020 The COVID-19 Delta Variant: What to Know 6/2021 The Delta Variant Isn't Just Hyper-Contagious. It Also Grows More Rapidly Inside You 7/2021 The effects of virus variants on COVID-19 vaccines 3/2021 The Gamma Variant's Rise in Washington State - New data show COVID strain associated with the highest number of hospitalizations, deaths 7/2021 The Nature of the Virus to Mutate: Mapping the Spread of a Deadly Disease The new UK coronavirus mutations, explained 12/2020 Rise of Variants in Europe Shows How Dangerous the Virus Can Be 4/2021 SARS-CoV-2 variants from minks evade inhibition by antibodies 4/2021 The Delta Variant Will Drive A Steep Rise In U.S. COVID Deaths, A New Model Shows 7/2021 The U.K. Coronavirus Variant: What We Know 12/2020 The worst variant yet? Everything you need to know about Delta. Lots to learn about the dominant variant. 8/2021 There's a new coronavirus variant in the UK. Here's what we know. 12/2020 This Is How Bad Uncontrolled Delta Spread Could Get in the U.S.
"It is one of the most infectious respiratory viruses we know of, and that I have seen in my 20-year career." 7/2021 Tracking the Evolution of a ‘Variant of Concern’ in Brazil 4/2021 Unraveling the Mysterious Mutations That Make Delta the Most Transmissible Covid Virus Yet 7/2021 U.S. Is Blind to Contagious New Virus Variant, Scientists Warn. It’s not too late to curb the contagious variant’s spread in the U.S., experts say — but only with a national program for genetic sequencing. 1/202<"> 1 Vaccine-induced antibodies may be less effective against several new SARS-CoV-2 variants 3/2021 Vaccines Are Effective Against the New York Variant, Studies Find 4/2021 Variant B.1.1.7 of COVID-19 associated with a significantly higher mortality rate, research shows 3/2021 Variants of Variants Seen In COVID-Ravaged Brazil 3/2021 Vietnam detects a suspected new coronavirus variant that's a hybrid of the UK and India strains 6/2021 Vietnam detects new UK-Indian variant, health officials say 5/2021 Virus that causes COVID-19 can find alternate route to infect cells. COVID-19 drugs, vaccines still effective against mutating virus 6/2021 Virus Variant First Found in Britain Now Spreading Rapidly in U.S. A new study bolsters the prediction by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that the so-called B.1.1.7 variant will dominate Covid-19 cases by March. 1/2021 Virus variant found in S. Africa may resist antibodies 1/2021 Virus Variant in Brazil Infected Many Who Had Already Recovered From Covid-19. The first detailed studies of the so-called P.1 variant show how it devastated a Brazilian city. Now scientists want to know what it will do elsewhere. 3/2021 Virus Variants Threaten to Draw Out the Pandemic, Scientists Say 4/2021 We may finally know why the delta variant of coronavirus is so infectious 7/2021 What Doctors Should Know About Delta - Here's the latest on transmissibility, virulence, vaccine efficacy, and more 6/2021 What's Going On With All These Coronavirus Variants? An Illustrated Guide 2/2021 What scientists know about new, fast-spreading coronavirus variants .Key questions remain about how quickly B.1.617 variants can spread, their potential to evade immunity and how they might affect the course of the pandemic. 5/2021 What the US knows about the three primary COVID-19 variants 2/2021 What's This About Delta Being 1,000 Times More Infectious? Here's where that frightening figure comes from 7/2021 What to Know About the Delta and Delta Plus Coronavirus Variants 7/8/2021 Why scientists are talking about viral load and the delta variant
What sets delta apart, experts say, is how much virus is produced by those who are infected — a measure known as viral load. 8/2021 Worried About Coronavirus Variants? Here's What You Need To Know 3/2021 Why Virus Variants Have Such Weird Names. B.1.351 may sound sweet to a molecular epidemiologist, but what's the alternative, other than stigmatizing geographical names? 3/2021 Why Scientists Are Very Worried About The Variant From Brazil 1/2021 Worrisome New Coronavirus Strains Are Emerging. Why Now? Across the globe, SARS-CoV-2 is evolving ways to evade the immune system and become more infectious. Blown pandemic response plans are to blame. 1/2021 Yale doctor weighs in on new report showing 2 COVID variants have merged into heavily-mutated hybrid virus 2/2021
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Case Definition
VIDEO
Graphic source: https://www.ccjm.org/content/early/2020/12/01/ccjm.87a.ccc066
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2773338
Graphic source: https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/927860
Graphic source: PriMed
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Contact Tracing
Graphic source for 3: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-sector/our-insights/contact-tracing-for-covid-19-new-considerations-for-its-practical-application
As the Virus Surged, Florida Partied. Tracking the Revelers Has Been Tough. 7/2020. With the coronavirus exploding, trying to trace the contacts of every positive case has become unrealistic in Florida, especially among elusive partygoers. Contact Tracing Apps GAO.gov Contact Tracing during Coronavirus Disease Outbreak, South Korea, 2020 11/2020 Contact Tracing Contact tracing is key to slowing the spread of COVID-19 and helps keep you, your family, and your community safe. Contact Tracing CDC.gov Contact Tracing Part of a Multipronged Approach to Fight the COVID-19 Pandemic Contact Tracing Is Failing in Many States. Here’s Why. 7/2020 Contact Tracing: What We Can Learn From Outbreaks In Other Countries To Fight the Coronavirus | NPR via @YouTube Contact tracing, explained Contact tracing for COVID-19: New considerations for its practical application 5/2020 Escaping the coronavirus lockdown with test and trace. 4/2020 Epidemiologists believe that if it is properly employed, testing and tracing can allow the U.S. to open some businesses and relax social distancing requirements. Exposures Before Issuance of Stay-at-Home Orders Among Persons with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Colorado, March 2020 6/2020 MMWR Health Departments: Interim Guidance on Developing a COVID-19 Case Investigation & Contact Tracing Plan Identification and Monitoring of International Travelers During the Initial Phase of an Outbreak of COVID-19; California, February 3-March 17, 2020 MMWR 5/2020
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Disease Distribution
SARS-CoV-2 introductions to U.S. and Europe. Credit: Modified from Worobey M, Science, 2020. (Source: 9/22/2020 NIH Director's Blog)
Percentage of people in communities across the United States infected by the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19 as of December 2020. Credit: Pei S, Nature, 2021.
Graphic source: https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2021/09/07/covid-19-infected-many-more-americans-in-2020-than-official-tallies-show/
Graphic source: https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20210824/covid-cases-in-children-soar
Graphic source: https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/1533546/A_Detailed_Study_of_Patients_with_Long_Haul_COVID__An_Analysis_of_Private_Health.pdf?p=pdf
Graphic source: https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/1533546/A_Detailed_Study_of_Patients_with_Long_Haul_COVID__An_Analysis_of_Private_Health.pdf?p=pdf
Graphic source: https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/1533546/A_Detailed_Study_of_Patients_with_Long_Haul_COVID__An_Analysis_of_Private_Health.pdf?p=pdf
Graphic source: https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/1533546/A_Detailed_Study_of_Patients_with_Long_Haul_COVID__An_Analysis_of_Private_Health.pdf?p=pdf
Graphic source: https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/1533546/A_Detailed_Study_of_Patients_with_Long_Haul_COVID__An_Analysis_of_Private_Health.pdf?p=pdf
Graphic source: https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/12/10/almost-one-in-five-americans-may-have-been-infected-with-covid-19
Graphic Source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6939e4.htm
Graphic Source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6939e4.htm
Graphic Source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6939e4.htm
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/08/31/us/coronavirus-cases-children.html
COVID-19 incidence among school-aged children aged 5-11 years (N = 101,503) and 12-17 years (N = 175,782), by week - United States, March 1-September 19, 2020
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6939e2.htm
Percentage of SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests with positive results and test volume, by week for school-aged children aged 5-11 years and 12-17 years - United States, May 3-September 19, 2020
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6939e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/06/16/age-of-covid-19-cases-dropping-in-california/
Graphic source; https://www.statista.com/chart/21173/hospitalization-icu-admission-and-fatality-rates-for-reported-coronavirus-cases/
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Disease Process
frhb
Graphic source: https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/understanding-sars-cov-2-antibody-binding
The Process of How SARS-CoV-2 Infects the Host
Graphic source: https://www.acrobiosystems.com/A1213-The-Process-of-How-SARS-CoV-2-Infects-the-Host.html
Graphic source: https://media.primeinc.org/upload/programs/54BQ2021/Assessing%20COVID-19%20Disease%20Severity%20and%20Identifying%20Risk%20Factors%20for%20Disease%20Progression.pdf
Graphic source: https://earthsky.org/human-world/does-coronavirus-linger-in-body-immune-system-covid
Graphic source: https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.2020201629
Graphic source; https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2768391
ACE2 is the target for the novel coronavirus
Graphic source: https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad200581
Graphic source: https://hms.harvard.edu/news/how-covid-19-causes-loss-smell
NeuroCovid Stages
Graphic source: https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad200581
Scheme of the effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in obese individuals.
Graphic source: https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(20)30477-8/fulltext
Graphic source: https://www.livescience.com/covid-19-superspreader-singing.html (Image credit: Nicholas Forder)
AGE WELL: On average, as this chart reveals, chronic diseases increase with aging, which makes the elderly more susceptible to COVID-19. This deadly combination is a stark reminder, again, of doing our best to stay healthy.
Graphic course: http://nautil.us/issue/84/outbreak/how-covid_19-picks-on-the-weakened. Aging and the Epidemiology of Multi-morbidity
Biologist: Sharing Enclosed Space Leads To Massive Spread Of Coronavirus 5/2020 Coronavirus 101: What you need to know - Our understanding of COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus, is evolving daily-but we do know some important basics. 3/2020 NATGEO Coronavirus Explained: What it does to your body that makes it so deadly 4/2020 Coronavirus: pathogen could have been spreading in humans for years, study says 3/2020 Covid-19:Viral Shedding From Virus Can Be Prolonged, But Infection Window is Not 11/2020 Does coronavirus linger in the body? 8/2020 Duration of Isolation and Precautions for Adults with COVID-19 8/2020 Even 'mild' Covid-19 can be a lengthy, challenging illness 10/2020 Everest climbers could have spread 'potentially more infectious AND vaccine resistant' Nepal Covid variant across the world after it was first found in THIRTEEN travelers on flights from Himalaya to Japan 6/2021 First Molecular Profiles of Severe COVID-19 Infections 6/2020 NIH.gov Here's Exactly How the New Coronavirus Affects Your Body 1/2020 How scientists know COVID-19 is way deadlier than the flu 7/2020 Natgeo How COVID-19 Picks on the Weakened: The wrath of the coronavirus. 3/2020 How The Coronavirus Attacks Your Lungs | Deep Look via @YouTube How the Coronavirus Could Take Over Your Body (Before You Ever Feel It) 3/2020 If You Squeeze the Coronavirus, Does It Shatter? Scientists are exploring the physics of viruses, to understand how these pathogens assemble themselves — and might be rent apart. 1/2021 Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand 3/2020 It's Not Whether You Were Exposed to the Virus. It's How Much. 5/2020 The pathogen is proving a familiar adage: The dose makes the poison.
Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) A Review 7/2020 Portrait of a virus 8/2020 Preliminary Estimates of the Prevalence of Selected Underlying Health Conditions Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019-United States, February 12-March 28, 2020 3/2020 SARS-CoV-2 infects cells via specific viral entry factors, Viral entry factors are more abundant in elderly, men and smokers 3/2021 Scientists are trying to figure why Covid-19 hits some young, healthy people hard 4/2020 Solving a medical mystery and changing CDC screenings for COVID-19 What we learned from the first known community-acquired coronavirus case in the US 3/2020 The coronavirus at 1: A year into the pandemic, what scientists know about how it spreads, infects, and sickens 12/2020 Understanding SARS-CoV-2 antibody binding 10/2021 Why Covid-19 is worse than the flu, in one chart 3/2020 Why COVID-19 kills some people and spares others. Here's what scientists are finding. 6/2020 Younger Adults Are Increasingly Testing Positive For The Coronavirus 6/2020
Reinfection
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Disease Severity
VIDEO
Graphic source: https://media.primeinc.org/upload/programs/54BQ2021/Assessing%20COVID-19%20Disease%20Severity%20and%20Identifying%20Risk%20Factors%20for%20Disease%20Progression.pdf
Vulnerable Populations
Graphic source: https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20200602/vulnerable-groups-weigh-risks-as-country-reopens
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp2009249
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Disease Statistics
Epidemic Curve of the Confirmed Cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2762130
Graphic source: statista.com/chart/21547/cumulative-covid-19-cases-in-the-us/
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Hospitalization Statistics
Map source: https://finance.yahoo.com/news/delta-variant-unvaccinated-and-vaccinated-people-are-not-in-the-same-ballpark-in-terms-of-risk-141843308.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7036e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7036e1.htm
Graphic source: https://media.primeinc.org/upload/programs/54BQ2021/Assessing%20COVID-19%20Disease%20Severity%20and%20Identifying%20Risk%20Factors%20for%20Disease%20Progression.pdf
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7023e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/reports/GAO-21-191/#Highlights
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6945e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6924e2.htm
Graphic source: https://time.com/5867751/bars-covid/
Graphic source: https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/slide/in-medicare-black-and-hispanic-individuals-account-for-disproportionate-share-of-covid-19-cases-and-hospitalizations/
Graphic source: https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/931633
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/older-adults.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6925e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/22018/coronavirus-pre-existing-conditions/
Characteristics Associated with Hospitalization Among Patients with COVID-19 - Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, March-April 2020 6/2020 Characteristics of Adult Outpatients and Inpatients with COVID-19 — 11 Academic Medical Centers, United States, March-May 2020 6/2020 Characteristics of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients Discharged and Experiencing Same-Hospital Readmission - United States, March-August 2020. MMWR 11/2020 Clinical Outcomes in Young US Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19 9/2020
Coronavirus Disease 2019 Case Surveillance; United States, January 22-May 30, 2020 MMWR 6/2020 COVID-19 Claims Data Reveal Real-World Tx Costs; Median sticker prices in the low-middle five figures; "allowed amounts" around $20,000 7/2020 COVID-NET Laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 hospitalizations CDC.gov COVID-19: Healthcare Disparities 6/2020 COVID-19 hospitalizations analysis shows disparities across racial and ethnic groups 8/2020 COVID-19-Related Hospitalizations in Nine States, by Race/Ethnicity, 2020 3/2021 AHRQ.gov COVID Hospitalizations Soared With Delta - Delta variant twice as likely to land patients in hospital versus Alpha variant in U.K. study 8/2021 C.D.C. Releases Early Demographic Snapshot of Worst Coronavirus Cases 4/2020 Decreases in COVID-19 Cases, Emergency Department Visits, Hospital Admissions, and Deaths Among Older Adults Following the Introduction of COVID-19 Vaccine - United States, September 6, 2020-May 1, 2021 6/2021 MMWR Hospitalizations Associated with COVID-19 Among Children and Adolescents - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1, 2020-August 14, 2021 9/2021 MMWR Hospitalization of Adolescents Aged 12-17 Years with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1, 2020-April 24, 2021 6/2021 Hospitalization Rates and Characteristics of Patients Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1-30, 2020 4/2020
Key Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients 7/2020 Nearly All Patients Hospitalized With Covid-19 Had Chronic Health Issues, Study Finds Only 6 percent of patients at one New York area health system had no chronic conditions. Hypertension, obesity and diabetes were common. 4/2020 Researchers reveal substantial disparities in COVID-19 hospitalization and death rates among New York City boroughs 4/2020 Severe Outcomes Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) -United States, February 12-March 16, 2020 3/2020 Studies Point To Big Drop In COVID-19 Death Rates 10/2020 Trends in COVID-19 Cases, Emergency Department Visits, and Hospital Admissions Among Children and Adolescents Aged 0-17 Years - United States, August 2020-August 2021 9/2021 MMWR Trends in Racial and Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Hospitalizations, by Region - United States, March-December 2020 4/2021 MMWR Unvaccinated COVID-19 hospitalizations cost the U.S. health system billions of dollars 8/2021
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Life Expectancy
IMG SRC="BG2021/NCHS-COVID-lifeexpectancy.jpg" width=800 Alt="COVID shortens life expectancy">
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsrr/vsrr015-508.pdf
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Potential Life Lost
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-pandemic-related-excess-mortality-and-potential-years-of-life-lost-in-the-u-s-and-peer-countries/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-pandemic-related-excess-mortality-and-potential-years-of-life-lost-in-the-u-s-and-peer-countries/
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Prevalence Statistics
Percentage of people in communities across the United States infected by the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19 as of December 2020. Credit: Pei S, Nature, 2021.
Graphic source: https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2021/09/07/covid-19-infected-many-more-americans-in-2020-than-official-tallies-show/
Daily new confirmed COVID-19 cases per million people, Dec 9, 2020
The number of confirmed cases is lower than the number of actual cases; the main reason for that is limited
testing.
Graphic source: https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus-data-explorer?tab=map&zoomToSelection=true&country=GBR~USA~ESP~ITA~BRA~IND~KOR®ion=World&casesMetric=true&interval=daily&hideControls=true&perCapita=true&smoothing=0&pickerMetric=location&pickerSort=asc
Model-based estimates of U.S. prevalence (A) and number (B) of adults aged ≥18 years with any selected underlying medical condition, by county United States, 2018
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6929a1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6929e1.htm
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Death Statistics
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-continues-to-be-a-leading-cause-of-death-in-the-u-s-in-august-2021/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-continues-to-be-a-leading-cause-of-death-in-the-u-s-in-august-2021/
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7014e1.htm
VIDEO
VIDEO
Graphic source: https://usafacts.org/articles/summer-covid-19-cases-and-deaths-in-five-charts/
Graphic source: https://usafacts.org/articles/summer-covid-19-cases-and-deaths-in-five-charts/
Graphic source: https://usafacts.org/articles/summer-covid-19-cases-and-deaths-in-five-charts/
Graphic source: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/06/16/americans-lost-more-years-of-life-to-covid-19-in-2020-than-to-all-accidents-combined-in-a-typical-year/
Graphic source: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/06/16/americans-lost-more-years-of-life-to-covid-19-in-2020-than-to-all-accidents-combined-in-a-typical-year/
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/06/16/world/covid-vaccine-coronavirus-mask
June 16, 2021 - US - 600,000 deaths from COVID-19
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/06/16/world/covid-vaccine-coronavirus-mask
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2778234
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7014e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/coronavirus-leading-through-the-crisis/charting-the-path-to-the-next-normal/in-2020-covid-19-deaths-were-eight-times-greater-than-a-typical-flu-season
U.S. on Sunday, February 21, 2021, hit the half-a-million mark for the number of lives claimed by Covid-19.
Every dot on our 500,000 lives lost map represents a person who has died from the virus in the U.S., beginning with the first reported death on Feb. 29, 2020.
@NBCNews
Graphic source: Washington Post Coronavirus Update
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/reports/GAO-21-191/#Highlights
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/reports/GAO-21-191/#Highlights
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2771761
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/reports/GAO-20-708/
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/bettycjung/status/1286716769441320960
Graphic source: https://www.axios.com/axios-ipsos-coronavirus-week-8-5a1947d5-9850-4e58-9583-9b617e6fdc1b.html
Graphic source: https://www.theigc.org/blog/why-we-dont-know-the-real-number-of-covid-19-deaths-in-africa/
Association Between Caseload Surge and COVID-19 Survival in 558 U.S. Hospitals, March to August 2020 ACP.org COVID-19 Forecasts: Deaths CDC.gov 300,000 Deaths By December? 9 Takeaways From The Newest COVID-19 Projections 8/2020 Provisional Death Counts for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Provisional Mortality Data - United States, 2020 4/2021 MMWR Assessment of Deaths From COVID-19 and From Seasonal Influenza 5/2020
Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy 3/2020 Coronavirus Has Now Killed More Americans Than Vietnam War 4/2020 David Oliver: The medical examiner role could transform our approach to handling death 8/2020 Death Rates Have Dropped for Seriously Ill Covid Patients 10/2020 Explained: Why India’s Covid-19 deaths are spiking even as cases go down 5/2021 Excess Deaths Associated with COVID-19 NVSS 4/2020
Excess Deaths From COVID-19 and Other Causes, March-July 2020 JAMA 10/2020 Excess Deaths From COVID-19 and Other Causes in the US, March 1, 2020, to January 2, 2021 JAMA 4/2021
Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load on Risk of Intubation and Mortality Among Hospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 7/2020 Just How Much Was 2020 an Outlier for Deaths? Setting cause aside, death numbers were "massive" compared with 2019 4/2021 Nearly all COVID deaths in US are now among unvaccinated 6/2021 One-Third of All U.S. Coronavirus Deaths Are Nursing Home Residents or Workers 5/2020 Provisional Death Counts for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) 4/2020 Provisional Mortality Data - United States, 2020 3/2021 MMWR Race, Ethnicity, and Age Trends in Persons Who Died from COVID-19 - United States, May–August 2020. MMWR 10/2020 The Leading Causes of Death in the US for 2020 3/2021 JAMA Two Coasts. One Virus. How New York Suffered Nearly 10 Times the Number of Deaths as California. 5/2020 Vaccinations Against COVID-19 May Have Averted Up To 140,000 Deaths In The United States 8/2021
Vaccination Efficacy
Graphic source: https://www.medpagetoday.com/special-reports/exclusives/95119
Graphic source: https://ctnewsjunkie.com/2021/10/06/study-says-vaccinations-prevented-death-in-connecticut/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/unvaccinated-covid-patients-cost-the-u-s-health-system-billions-of-dollars/
Graphic source: https://ctnewsjunkie.com/2021/09/03/a-high-price-hospital-association-assesses-cost-of-care-for-unvaccinated/
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7037e1.htm
Graphic source: https://usafacts.org/articles/summer-covid-19-cases-and-deaths-in-five-charts/
Graphic source: July 19, 2021 New York Times
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7023e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/unvaccinated-covid-patients-cost-the-u-s-health-system-billions-of-dollars/
A High Price: Hospital Association Assesses Cost of Care for Unvaccinated 9/2021 CDC Now Reports COVID Cases and Deaths by Vax Status - New tool also reveals numeric differences between vaccines 10/2021
Comparative Effectiveness of Moderna, Pfizer-BioNTech, and Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) Vaccines in Preventing COVID-19 Hospitalizations Among Adults Without Immunocompromising Conditions - United States, March-August 2021 9/2021 MMWR Delta variant: Unvaccinated and vaccinated people 'are not in the same ballpark' of risk, doctor explains 9/2021
Monitoring Incidence of COVID-19 Cases, Hospitalizations, and Deaths, by Vaccination Status - 13 U.S. Jurisdictions, April 4-July 17, 2021 9/2021 MMWR Most COVID-19 Infections and Hospitalizations are in Unvaccinated 5/2021 New COVID-19 Cases and Hospitalizations Among Adults, by Vaccination Status - New York, May 3-July 25, 2021 8/2021 Study Says Vaccinations Prevented Deaths In Connecticut 10/2021 Unvaccinated COVID-19 hospitalizations cost billions of dollars 9/2021
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Statistics Issues COVID-19 Test Reporting
COVID-19 Vaccination Reporting
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Data Reporting
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Death Statistics
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/MaxCRoser/status/1434228604666368007/photo/1
The Economist journalists updated their a model of the true death toll of the pandemic, corrected for underreporting. They come to the conclusion that 15.2 million have died, more than 3-times the official toll of 4.6m. This map shows the distribution of the death rate.
A Coronavirus Mystery Explained: Moscow Has 1,700 Extra Deaths. Russia's government has boasted of a low coronavirus mortality rate, but figures from an obscure city agency cast doubt on those claims. 5/2020
Assessing the Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on US Mortality: A County-Level Analysis 1/2021 Challenges Estimating Total Lives Lost in COVID-19 Decisions 7/2020. Consideration of Mortality Related to Unemployment, Social Isolation, and Depression Death Certificate-Based ICD-10 Diagnosis Codes for COVID-19 Mortality Surveillance - United States, January-December 2020 MMWR 3/2021 Deaths in New York City Are More Than Double the Usual Total 4/2020 How Many Covid Deaths? Don't Ask President Trump. The president has expressed skepticism about the fatality figures reported to him by his own experts. 5/2020 How many died? Different ways of counting make the COVID-19 tally elusive "It becomes fairly random, and we're basically at that point," N.Y. Gov. Andrew Cuomo said. 6/2020 India Is Counting Thousands Of Daily COVID Deaths. How Many Is It Missing? 4/2021 In one Missouri county, coroner excludes COVID from death certificates if family asks 8/2021 NIH study associates COVID-19 surges with mortality increases for patients 7/2021 Nobody Accurately Tracks Health Care Workers Lost to COVID-19. So She Stays Up At Night Cataloging the Dead. 8/2020 Op-Ed: Death Counts and Despair - — Are we growing numb to the COVID carnage? 8/2020 Peru says its true Covid death toll is almost triple its official count. 5/2021 Russian statistics soar for virus-linked deaths in 2020 2/2021 Study: 35 percent of excess deaths in pandemic's early months tied to causes other than COVID-19 7/2020 The Difficulty Of Counting the COVID-19 Pandemic's Full Death Toll 6/2020 Total Deaths Due to COVID-19 Underestimated by 20% in US Counties. Deaths caused by indirect effects of the pandemic emphasize the need for policy changes that address widening health and racial inequities. 5/2021 BU.edu Undercounting of Covid-19 deaths is greatest in pro-Trump areas, analysis shows 1/2021 U.S. deaths soared in early weeks of pandemic, far exceeding number attributed to covid-19 4/2020 Virus deaths are probably two to three times more than official records, the W.H.O. says. 5/2021 What to Say if Someone Wrongly Claims 99% of People Survive COVID Why Do Countries' COVID-19 Death Rates Vary So Much? Multiple factors at play: testing capacity, case definitions, age distribution, preparedness 5/2020 Why we still don't know how deadly this new coronavirus is 2/2020. Without the mortality rate, it’s hard to decide how to respond and prepare for a worsening outbreak. Why We Don't Know the True Death Rate for Covid-19 4/2020 Determining what percentage of those infected by the coronavirus will die is a key question for epidemiologists, but an elusive one during the pandemic. Worst-Case Estimates for U.S. Coronavirus Deaths 3/2020
Hospitalization Data
Incomplete/Missing Demographics and Variables, Reporting
Graphic source: https://www.covkidproject.org/state-report-card
Manipulation of Data Reporting
Graphic source: https://www.miamiherald.com/news/coronavirus/article253796898.html
Graphic source: https://www.miamiherald.com/news/coronavirus/article253796898.html
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Prevalence Data
Probable Cases/Excess Deaths
Graphic source: https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/slide/during-pandemic-higher-premature-excess-deaths-in-u-s-compared-to-peer-countries-partly-driven-by-racial-disparities/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-pandemic-related-excess-mortality-and-potential-years-of-life-lost-in-the-u-s-and-peer-countries/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-pandemic-related-excess-mortality-and-potential-years-of-life-lost-in-the-u-s-and-peer-countries/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-pandemic-related-excess-mortality-and-potential-years-of-life-lost-in-the-u-s-and-peer-countries/
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2778361
Graphic source: https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/07/15/tracking-covid-19-excess-deaths-across-countries
Covid-19 deaths in Africa: prospective systematic postmortem surveillance study 2/2021 BMJ Covid-19: Excess deaths point to hidden toll in South Africa as cases surge 7/2020 BMJ COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Excess Mortality and Potential Years of Life Lost in the U.S. and Peer Countries 4/2021 During Pandemic, Higher Premature Excess Deaths in U.S. Compared to Peer Countries Partly Driven by Racial Disparities 4/2021 Estimating the early death toll of COVID-19 in the United States Estimation of Excess Deaths Associated With the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States, March to May 2020 7/2020 JAMA Excess Deaths From COVID-19 and Other Causes in the US, March 1, 2020, to January 2, 2021 4/2021 JAMA Getting to Accuracy: Measuring COVID-19 by Mortality Rates and Percentage Changes 4/2020 How COVID-19 Deaths Are Counted. 5/2020. Assigning a cause of death is never straightforward, but data on excess deaths suggest coronavirus death tolls are likely an underestimate How Many People Have Actually Died From Coronavirus in New York? 4/2020 The official statistics paint a partial picture and may understate the death toll. Here’s why. Just How Much Was 2020 an Outlier for Deaths? Setting cause aside, death numbers were "massive" compared with 2019 4/2021 N.Y.C. Death Toll Soars Past 10,000 in Revised Virus Count 4/2020. The city has added more than 3,700 additional people who were presumed to have died of the coronavirus but had never tested positive. Pandemic death toll is far higher than 200,000 in the US 10/2020 'Probable' COVID-19 Death Reporting Varies by State 4/2020. Authorities wrestle with fatal cases that look like COVID but lack test confirmation Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Excess Deaths During the COVID-19 Pandemic, March to December 2020 10/2021. ACPjournals.org The Pandemic’s Real Toll? 300,000 Deaths, and It’s Not Just From the Coronavirus 10/2020 Tracking covid-19 excess deaths across countries 7/2020 Update on Excess Deaths Associated with the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, January 26, 2020-February 27, 2021
4/2021 MMWR
Undercounting
Graphic source: https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n334
Graphic source: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/02/06/964527835/why-the-pandemic-is-10-times-worse-than-you-think
Graphic source: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/02/06/964527835/why-the-pandemic-is-10-times-worse-than-you-think
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Vaccination Data
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COVID-19 Risk Factors
Graphic source: https://informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/covid-19-coronavirus-infographic-datapack/
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/2020-year-in-review/a-tale-of-2020-in-20-mckinsey-charts
Graphic source: https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/941521
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/22365/prevalence-of-underlying-conditions-in-us-adults/
Graphic source: Texas Medical Association
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/older-adults.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/COVID19-What-You-Can-Do-High-Risk.pdf
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp2009249
Cardiovascular
Cancer
Demographics
Graphic source: https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/20/us/systemic-racism-coronavirus-pandemic-trnd/index.html"
Graphic source: https://www.apmresearchlab.org/covid/deaths-by-race
Graphic source: https://www.apmresearchlab.org/covid/deaths-by-race
No Data Behind CDC's Testing Guideline Change; Absent any evidence, experts speculate that supply shortages, politics influenced agency's decision Black individuals at higher risk for contracting COVID-19, according to new research 7/2020 Coronavirus targets homeless shelters in the US 4/2020
COVID-19 Among American Indian and Alaska Native Persons -23 States, January 31-July 3, 2020 MMWR 8/2020 COVID-19 Killing African Americans at Shocking Rates 5/2020. Wildly disproportionate mortality highlights need to address longstanding inequities COVID-19 crisis: Millions of US workers at risk of infections on the job 4/2020 Crowded homes, poor neighborhoods linked to COVID-19 6/2020 Male Sex Is Risk Factor for Increased Mortality in COVID-19 12/2020 Study of 17 Million Identifies Crucial Risk Factors for Coronavirus Deaths 7/2020. The largest study yet confirms that race, ethnicity, age and sex can raise a person’s chances of dying from Covid-19. COVID-19 deaths analyzed by race and ethnicity — APM Research Lab Factors Influencing Risk for COVID-19 Exposure Among Young Adults Aged 18-23 Years - Winnebago County, Wisconsin, March-July 2020. MMWR October 2020. Regardless of Age, Obesity and Hypertension Increase Risks With COVID-19 9/2020 These variables affect whether you live, die or get help during the pandemic 8/2020 Why Is COVID-19 Striking Men Harder Than Women? 5/2020 Why Women Experience COVID and the Vaccines Differently Than Men - It's chromosomal and hormonal, and maybe sociocultural too 3/2021
Diabetes
Graphic source: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-021-05458-8
Graphic source: https://abcnews.go.com/Health/covid-19-virus-diabetes-studies-find/story
Graphic source: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-021-05458-8
Drugs
Environmental Factors
Genetic Mutations
Health Behaviors
Hypertension
Liver Disease
Maternal/Child Health Issues
Mental Illness
Nutrition
Obesity
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2770542
Graphic source: https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(20)30477-8/fulltext
Clinical manifestations and mechanisms for COVID‐19 risk in individuals with obesity
Graphic source: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/obr.13128
Associations between body-mass index and COVID-19 severity in 6·9 million people in England: a prospective, community-based, cohort study 4/2021 < /B> Body Mass Index and Risk for COVID-19-Related Hospitalization, Intensive Care Unit Admission, Invasive Mechanical Ventilation, and Death - United States, March-December 2020 3/2021 MMWR Clinical Outcomes in Young US Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19 9/2020 COVID-19 reveals how obesity harms the body in real time 11/2020 Individuals with obesity and COVID‐19: A global perspective on the epidemiology and biological relationships 8/2020 NYU scientists: Largest US study of COVID-19 finds obesity the single biggest 'chronic' factor in New York City's hospitalizations 4/2020 ZDNET.com Obese COVID Patients More Likely to Have Pulmonary Embolism, Even Outside the ICU 6/2020 Obesity and Outcomes in COVID-19: When an Epidemic and Pandemic Collide 7/2020 Obesity Linked to Severe Coronavirus Disease, Especially for Younger Patients 4/2020 Obesity one of the biggest risk factors in COVID-19 hospitalizations, study suggests 4/2020 Sex-specific impact of severe obesity in the outcomes of hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a large retrospective study from the Bronx, New York 5/2021 Why Obesity May Stack the Deck for COVID-19 Risk 7/2020
Phenotypes
5/2020 Canadian study finds temperature, latitude not associated with COVID-19 spread 5/2020 Can I Catch It Through My Eyes? Will Goggles Help? 5/2020 CDC: Age Nothing But a Number for COVID-19 Risks; Underlying conditions for people at any age more important, agency says 6/2020 Contracting COVID-19: lifestyle and social connections may play a role 7/2020 Coronavirus and Pneumonia 4/2020 COVID-19: High-Risk Groups and Special Populations 4/2020 COVID-19 Risk 10-Fold Higher for Opioid Abusers 9/2020. Substance use disorders in general tied to higher coronavirus hospitalization rates COVID Risks Raised in Rheumatoid Arthritis - Patients had higher rates of infection and hospitalization/death, study showed 5/2021 FAQs About COVID-19 4/2020 Groups at Higher Risk for Severe Illness 4/2020 Heartburn medication tied to higher COVID-19 risk — but don’t panic 7/2020 HIV and The New Coronavirus Insomnia, disrupted sleep, and burnout linked to higher odds of severe COVID-19. Each 1-hour increase in sleep associated with 12% lower odds of infection among clinicians 3/2021 Is Taking Aspirin Good for Your Heart? Large Vessel Strokes in Younger Patients Tied to COVID-19, 4/2020. Presenting symptom of coronavirus infection for some Miscarriage and Maternal Mortality in Pregnant COVID-19 Patients; Risk is unknown but nonzero 5/2020 New Research Shows Disproportionate Rate of Coronavirus Deaths in Polluted Areas 12/2020 Older Adults CDC.gov People With O Blood Type Appear to Have a Lower Risk of Catching Coronavirus, Preliminary Study Says 6/2020 People of Any Age with Underlying Medical Conditions 6/2020 Poor Sleep, Burnout Tied to Higher COVID-19 Risk 3/2021 Preliminary Estimates of the Prevalence of Selected Underlying Health Conditions Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019-United States, February 12-March 28, 2020 3/2020 MMWR Substance use disorders linked to COVID-19 susceptibility 9/2020 The Catastrophic Cost of Uninsurance: COVID-19 Cases and Deaths
Closely Tied to America’s Health Coverage Gaps 3/2021 The Covid-19 Riddle: Why Does the Virus Wallop Some Places and Spare Others? 5/2020 This One Thing Could Make You More Likely to Die From Coronavirus 6/2020 What Is Phantosmia? 3/2021 What Is the Real Coronavirus Toll in Each State? 5/2020
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COVID-19 Incubation Period Nature: Estimated that the incubation period for COVID-19 before the onset of symptoms was 5.2 days. Viral loads for COVID-19 were highest shortly after the onset of symptoms and then gradually decreased toward the detection limit by day 21. Sex, age, and disease severity did not substantially affect these findings.
The authors estimated that infectiousness of COVID-19 began 2.3 days before the onset of symptoms and peaked at 0.7 days after symptom onset. They further estimated that up to 44% of cases of COVID-19 could be a result of viral transmission before the onset of symptoms.
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp2009575
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COVID-19 Symptoms
Graphic source: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-types/symptom-tracker-app-reveals-six-distinct-types-of-covid-19-infection-idUSKCN24I1YI
Graphic source; https://salud-america.org/coronavirus-case-rates-and-death-rates-for-latinos-in-the-united-states/
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of previous or current SARS-CoV-2 infection, by individual symptoms among service members reporting at least one symptom (n = 284) — USS Theodore Roosevelt, April 2020 (June 2020)
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6923e4.htm
Graphic source: https://int.nyt.com/data/documenthelper/6926-mayhhsbriefing/af7319f4a55fd0ce5dc9/optimized/full.pdf#page=1
Updated CDC COVID-19 symptom list (4/27/2020)
Graphic source: https://heavy.com/news/2020/04/early-symptoms-coronavirus-covid-19/
General
Dermatological Manifestations
Hearing Loss
Loss of Smell
Graphic source: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00210#
AAO-HNS: Anosmia, Hyposmia, and Dysgeusia Symptoms of Coronavirus Disease 3/2020 About Half of COVID-19 Cases Show Digestive Signs 3/2020 Alterations in Smell or Taste in Mildly Symptomatic Outpatients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection 4/2020 Anosmia Can Warn Us of More Than Just COVID - Sense of smell is deeply connected with cognitive function 8/2021 Another Presenting Sign of COVID-19 - Findings support adding to the list of GI manifestations of the disease, researchers say 8/2020 Chinese Study: Some Mild COVID-19 Cases Have Only GI Symptoms About 19% with digestive issues experienced diarrhea as the first symptom of COVID-19 4/2020 Coronavirus symptoms: What are they and how do I protect myself? BBC.com 6/2020 COVID-19 and a loss of smell: Why the virus may hinder this sense. A loss of smell can be caused by nasal congestion. But it happens in COVID-19 patients even without a stuffed-up nose. 8/2020 Diarrhea is first sign of illness for some COVID-19 patients 3/2020 Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 Entry Proteins, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, in Cells of the Olfactory Epithelium: Identification of Cell Types and Trends with Age 5/2020 From Loss Of Smell To 'COVID Toes': What Experts Are Learning About Symptoms 5/2020 GI and Hepatic Symptoms Call for COVID-19 Testing. Liver injury, in particular, could lead to poor clinical outcomes 5/2020 How COVID-19 Causes Loss of Smell 7/2020 Inflamed brains, toe rashes, strokes: Why COVID-19's weirdest symptoms are only emerging now 5/2020 Little Known About COVID Patients' Loss of Smell 4/2020 Lost Sense of Smell May Be Peculiar Clue to Coronavirus Infection 3/2020 Mysteries of COVID Smell Loss Finally Yield Some Answers. Explanations begin to arise at the molecular level for this vexing but commonplace symptom 11/2020 Skin Rashes: An Emerging Symptom of COVID-19: What clinicians need to know about cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 4/2020 Smell and taste changes provide early indication of COVID-19 community spread 11/2020 Smell and Taste Issues Unlikely to Linger After COVID-19 7/2020 Smell Diminishes by Day 3 of COVID-19, Study Says 5/2020
Sniffing Out Where Virus First Strikes in COVID-19 - More context for why COVID-19 patients might lose sense of smell 8/2020 Symptom tracker app reveals six distinct types of COVID-19 infection 7/2020 What are COVID toes? Dermatologists, podiatrists share strange findings 3/2020 What it's like to suffer from the coronavirus's weirdest symptom 4/2020 What are the symptoms of COVID-19 What Is Covid Toe? 5/2020 Maybe a Strange Sign of Coronavirus Infection Dermatologists say the lesions should prompt testing for the virus, even though many patients have no other symptoms
Psychiatric Symptoms
Tooth Loss
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COVID-19 Transmission Transmission Routes
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-1092-0/figures/2
SARS-CoV-2 introductions to U.S. and Europe. Credit: Modified from Worobey M, Science, 2020.
Graphic source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32912998/
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp2009249
Current Sites of COVID-19 cases
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2767010
Potential Sites for future COVID-19 cases
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2767010
Reproduction Number
"To determine when an outbreak had been contained, scientists look at case counts and determine the reproduction number, a measurement that shows how many people will be infected by one infectious person. If the reproduction number drops below 1, scientists consider the outbreak contained."
Graphic source: @fperrywilson
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/risk/our-insights/covid-19-implications-for-business
R-naught - the theory R-naught - the reality of superspreaders
Source: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/22/well/live/coronavirus-pandemic-memorial-day-picnics-bbqs.html
Graphic source: https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/06/health/flu-covid-19-deaths-comparison-trnd/index.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6926e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-researchers-show-how-covid-19-super-spreaders-are-a-big-part-of-the-problem/">
Reich and colleagues show that even for the same "R," transmission rate, on average, infections can rise faster with a higher "gamma," the measure of how many "degrees" of contacts a person in the society has -- the super-spreaders.
Graphic source: https://cosmosmagazine.com/biology/measuring-different-responses-to-covid-19
Graphic source; https://www.vox.com/2020/1/28/21079946/coronavirus-china-wuhan-deaths-pandemic
Graphic source: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/05/coronavirus-how-to-measure-your-nation-response-cvd/"
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Asymptomatic/Pre-symptomatic (Silent Spreader/Stealth) Transmission
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2001468
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6923e4.htm
About 80% of Asymptomatic People With COVID-19 Develop Symptoms 9/2020 An enduring coronavirus mystery: Why do only some get sick? 6/2020. Months into a pandemic that has killed nearly 500,000 people worldwide, scientists are still trying to answer crucial questions about the coronavirus. As many as 45% of people infected with COVID-19 have no symptoms, and they may play a major role in the spread of the virus, according to a new study. 6/2020 Asymptomatic and Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Residents of a Long-Term Care Skilled Nursing Facility - King County, Washington, March 2020 MMWR 3/2020 Asymptomatic coronavirus infections contribute to over 50% of spread, according to UChicago study 5/2021 Asymptomatic COVID-19 cases may be more common than suspected The problem? Even without symptoms, people can still spread the virus. 5/2020 Asymptomatic COVID: Silent, but Maybe Not Harmless 8/2020 Asymptomatic COVID-19 Transmission in China Confirmed? 2/2020 Asymptomatic spread makes testing key for COVID-19 fight 5/2020 Asymptomatic people may be fueling the coronavirus spread 4/2020 Clinical Course and Molecular Viral Shedding Among Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Community Treatment Center in the Republic of Korea 8/2020 Even Asymptomatic People Carry the Coronavirus in High Amounts. Researchers in South Korea found that roughly 30 percent of those infected never develop symptoms yet probably spread the virus. 8/2020 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report 73 Pre-symptomatic and Presymptomatic transmission April 3, 2020 WHO.int Coronavirus may be most infectious when symptoms are mildest, small study finds 4/2020 Coronavirus Spreads Quickly and Sometimes Before People Have Symptoms, Study Finds 3/2020 Coronavirus spreads quickly and sometimes before people have symptoms, study finds 3/2020 Covert coronavirus infections could be seeding new outbreaks 3/2020 Covid-19: Four in 10 cases in Italian town that locked down early were asymptomatic 7/2020 COVID-19: in the footsteps of Ernest Shackleton 5/2020 Cruise ship 81% asymptomatic! COVID-19 spread is fueled by 'stealth transmission'. Cases of COVID-19 that fly under the radar without being diagnosed appear to fuel the rapid spread of the disease. 3/2020 Did you already have coronavirus in January or February? 4/2020 Estimating the generation interval for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) based on symptom onset data, March 2020 4/2020 Even children with no symptoms can spread Covid-19, CDC report shows 9/2020 Half of Singapore's new COVID-19 cases are symptomless, taskforce head says 6/2020 Hidden Outbreaks Spread Through U.S. Cities Far Earlier Than Americans Knew, Estimates Say 5/2020 How COVID Silent Spreaders May Be Infecting Others 4/2020 How does the new coronavirus spread? These new studies offer clues. 3/2020 How many COVID-19 infections are asymptomatic? Research shows it may be a lot more than thought 7/2020 How much is coronavirus spreading under the radar? 3/2020 How Stealth transmission is fueling the rapid spread of Covid-19, according to experts 3/2020 How the World Missed Covid-19's Silent Spread 6/2020 How to identify factors affecting COVID-19 transmission 3/2020 Indirect Virus Transmission in Cluster of COVID-19 Cases, Wenzhou, China, 2020 6/2020 Infected but Feeling Fine: The Unwitting Coronavirus Spreaders 4/2020 Infected people without symptoms might be driving the spread of coronavirus more than we realized 3/2020 In four US prisons, thousands of inmates are testing positive and 96% are asymptomatic 4/2020 In the W.H.O.'s Coronavirus Stumbles, Some Scientists See a Pattern 6/2020 It's not just people with symptoms who can spread COVID-19 3/2020 Magnitude of asymptomatic COVID-19 cases throughout the course of infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis 3/2021 Most COVID-19 Cases Come from People Without Symptoms 1/2021 More Evidence Points to Kids Being COVID-19 'Silent Spreaders' Study: 93% of infections would have been missed if only symptomatic cases were tested 8/2020 New Study Says Silent Spreaders May Be Responsible For Half Of U.S. COVID-19 Cases 7/2020 Over 85% of COVID-19 Infections in China Went Undetected Early On 3/2020. Number of mild or asymptomatic infections emphasizes need for mitigation measures People might be most infectious with coronavirus before they show symptoms, study suggests 4/2020 Presymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 -Singapore, January 23-March 16, 2020 4/2020 MMWR Prevalence of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection A Narrative Review 6/2020 Rapid spread of COVID-19 is fueled by 'stealth transmission' 3/2020 SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Serologic Responses from a Sample of U.S. Navy Service Members, USS Theodore Roosevelt, April 2020 6/2020 SARS-CoV-2 Transmission From People Without COVID-19 Symptoms 1/2021 JAMA South Korean Study Suggests Children Can Silently Spread COVID-19; Symptoms went unrecognized more often than not in infected kids 9/2020 'Stealth Transmission' Fuels Fast Spread of Coronavirus Outbreak 3/2020 Study: 17.9% Of People With COVID-19 Coronavirus Had No Symptoms 3/2020 Substantial Undocumented Infection Facilitates the Rapid Dissemination of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) 3/2020 The natural history and transmission potential of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection 6/2020 The truth about COVID-19 and asymptomatic spread: It’s common, so wear a mask and avoid large gatherings 11/2020 Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany 3/2020 NEJM We Still Don't Fully Understand The Label 'Asymptomatic' 6/2020 What Does Asymptomatic COVID-19 Look Like Under the Surface? Many individuals show subclinical abnormalities as well as differences from symptomatic patients 6/2020 What We Know About The Silent Spreaders Of COVID-19 4/2020 What We Need to Understand About Asymptomatic Carriers if We're Going to Beat Coronavirus 4/2020 WHO Creates 'Confusion' About Asymptomatic Spread. Here's What We Know 6/2020 WHO Says Asymptomatic Spread Of Coronavirus 'Very Rare,' But Experts Raise Questions 6/2020 Wuhan woman with no symptoms infects five relatives with coronavirus: study 2/2020
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Superspreader Events (SSEs)
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7035e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/coronavirus-leading-through-the-crisis/charting-the-path-to-the-next-normal/people-who-see-people-how-high-mixers-help-spread-covid-19
Graphic source:
https://public.tableau.com/profile/betsy.ladyzhets#!/vizhome/superspreadingevents/DashSuperspreadingeventsmap
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6947e1.htm
Distribution of COVID-19 cases (N = 177) linked to a rural wedding reception, by date of onset or test - Maine, August 7–September 14, 2020
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6945a5.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6945a5.htm
Graphic source: https://news.mit.edu/2020/super-spreading-covid-transmission-1102
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6941a4.htm
Transmission chains and attack rates in three COVID-19 child care facility outbreaks, Salt Lake County, Utah, April 1-July 10, 2020
Graphic source: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8094933/How-one-man-spread-coronavirus-NINE-people-bus.html
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/20/health/airflow-coronavirus-restaurants.html
Chinese Restaurant transmission
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915e1.htm
Funeral community transmission
CDC - Korean Call Center - Blue = infected with COVID-19
Graphic source: https://www.vox.com/21262268/coronavirus-tips-covid-social-distancing-harm-reduction
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6920e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/21699/coronavirus-outbreak-in-ischgl/"
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/21697/contact-tracing-response-seoul-south-korea-covid-19/
Graphic source: https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-researchers-show-how-covid-19-super-spreaders-are-a-big-part-of-the-problem/
Reich and colleagues construct graphs of people in their various states of infection and the like among people, to simulate how COVID-19 spreads. Caption from the article: "Contact tracing. Some share of the neighbors of a node which tests positive are traced and tested themselves." Reich et al. 2020
Graphic source: https://cosmosmagazine.com/biology/how-social-distancing-flattens-the-curve-of-coronavirus
This graph shows how an epidemic might spread across a network over time. Blue dots are susceptible individuals, while red dots are infected people. Two dots are connected by a line if they are in contact with each other, and the more contacts a person has, the bigger their dot is on the network. Author provided
Infected people are red nodes, and susceptible people are blue. The large node in the middle of the diagram is a super-spreader, a person who connects with many others, and thus has more potential to spread the disease.
Graphic source: https://quillette.com/2020/04/23/covid-19-superspreader-events-in-28-countries-critical-patterns-and-lessons/
Timeline of events and symptom onsets, by day of investigation, in a cluster of COVID-19 likely transmitted at two family gatherings - Chicago, Illinois, February-March 2020
Video source: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/14/us/coronavirus-updates.html
After Lavish Nights of Clubbing in Bangkok, a Covid Outbreak. Thailand went for months without a single confirmed case of local transmission, but the epidemic has now radiated from nightclubs to areas where social distancing is all but impossible. 6/2021 A large COVID-19 outbreak in a high school 10 days after schools’ reopening, Israel, May 2020 7/2020 An Outbreak of COVID-19 Associated with a Recreational Hockey Game - Florida, June 2020 MMWR 10/2020 A person who was Covid-19 positive attended a church service and exposed 180 people 5/2020 Bars, Strip Clubs and Churches: U.S. Virus Outbreaks Enter Unwieldy Phase 6/2020 Clustering and superspreading potential of SARS-CoV-2 infections in Hong Kong 10/2020 Clusters of Coronavirus Disease in Communities, Japan, January–April 2020 6/2020 College towns fear super-spreader semester as students descend 8/2020 Community Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at Two Family Gatherings Chicago, Illinois, February-March 2020 4/2020 Coronavirus Cluster on Cape Cod: 10 Test Positive After Attending Large Party 7/2020 Coronavirus outbreak at USC’s fraternity row leaves at least 40 people infected 7/2020 Coronavirus Ravaged a Choir. But Isolation Helped Contain It. 5/2020 Coronavirus Testing In Boston's Homeless Community Shows Shelter Size And Density Matter 5/2020
COVID-19 Outbreak Among a University’s Men’s and Women’s Soccer Teams - Chicago, Illinois, July-August 2020 MMWR 10/2020 COVID-19 Outbreak Among College Students After a Spring Break Trip to Mexico Austin, Texas, March 26-April 5, 2020 MMWR 7/2020
COVID-19 Outbreak Associated with a 10-Day Motorcycle Rally in a Neighboring State - Minnesota, August-September 2020 MMWR 11/2020 Covid-19 superspreader events emerge as focus of concern. The White House cluster is the kind of incident that infectious disease experts are focusing on as a crucial way to understand how the coronavirus spreads. 10/2020 COVID-19 Superspreader Events in 28 Countries: Critical Patterns and Lessons 4/2020 Covid-19 "super-spreading" events play outsized role in overall disease transmission 11/2020 Days After a Funeral in a Georgia Town, Coronavirus Hit Like a Bomb 6/2020. A mourner came to Albany, Ga., to attend the funeral of a retired janitor. After a pause while the infections incubated, the virus swept through the community. Dozens of persons in Shinjuku's sex industry infected with coronavirus 4/2020 Epidemiologically Linked COVID-19 Outbreaks at a Youth Camp and Men’s Conference - Illinois, June-July 2021 8/2021 MMWR Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in two Indian states 9/2020 Ford temporarily closed its Chicago Assembly Plant after two employees test positive for COVID-19 a day after reopening 5/2020 Google researchers: COVID-19 super-spreaders are a big part of the problem 5/2020 Greenwich & Darien Deal With Coronavirus 'Party Zero'-Type Cases 8/2020 High COVID-19 Attack Rate Among Attendees at Events at a Church, Arkansas, March 2020 5/2020 Hospital Traces COVID Cluster to Break Room - 15 employees of Holyoke Medical Center fall ill after eating together 10/2020 How a Bus Ride Turned Into a Coronavirus Superspreader Event. One-third of passengers aboard a bus were infected by a fellow passenger, scientists reported. 9/2020 How a Premier U.S. Drug Company Became a Virus Super Spreader Biogen employees unwittingly spread the coronavirus from Massachusetts to Indiana, Tennessee and North Carolina. 4/2020 NYT How a superspreader at choir practice sickened 52 people with COVID-19 5/2020 How Coronavirus Infected Some, but Not All, in a Restaurant, A limited study by Chinese researchers suggests the role played by air currents in spreading the illness in enclosed spaces. 4/2020 How Ischgl Set Off A Coronavirus Avalanche 5/2020 How large superspreader events turned into coronavirus hot spots. This is why large gatherings should be the last normal activity to come back after Covid-19 is contained. 5/2020 How one man spread coronavirus to NINE other people on his bus in China: Scientists find the deadly virus can travel four times the 'safe' distance and linger in the air for over 30 minutes in confined places 3/2020 How Superspreading Events Drive Most COVID-19 Spread. 6/2020, As few as 10 percent of infected people may drive a whopping 80 percent of cases, in specific types of situations Intense fitness classes can lead to rapid spread of COVID-19, report shows 5/2020 Lamont Warns Of Possible Coronavirus Spread At Parties. The parties mainly took place in Fairfield County. One involved people sharing a vape pen, Lamont said. 7/2020 Maine CDC Investigates COVID-19 Outbreak Associated with Wedding Reception in Millinocket 8/2020 More Than 6,600 Coronavirus Cases Have Been Linked to U.S. Colleges 7/2020 Most People With Coronavirus Won't Spread It. Why Do a Few Infect Many? 6/2020
Multiple COVID-19 Outbreaks Linked to a Wedding Reception in Rural Maine - August 7-September 14, 2020 MMWR 11/2020 One Infected Clubgoer Triggers Massive Response 5/2020 Outbreak Associated with SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant in an Elementary School - Marin County, California, May–June 2021 8/2021 MMWR Party with 400 people shut down during students’ first weekend back at ECU, cops say 8/2020 Party Zero: How a Soiree in Connecticut Became a Super Spreader 3/2020 NYT People who see people: How high mixers help spread COVID-19 4/2021 Police Tactics Are Putting Protesters at Higher COVID Transmission Risk. 6/2020. Cops are forgoing masks and other PPE, and violating protesters' boundaries by pulling masks down, forcing them into crowded spaces, and more. Protests Pose Particular Risks for COVID-19 Transmission. 6/2020. Not just lack of social distancing, but increased droplet contact, tear gas could be factors Rose Garden announcement of Supreme Court nominee potential 'super spreader' event, with Trump plus six others getting COVID 10/2020 SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Infection Among Attendees of an Overnight Camp - Georgia, June 2020 MMWR 7/2020 Spring Breaker Who Vowed To Party Despite Coronavirus Concerns Has Apologized 3/2020 Superspreading and the effect of individual variation on disease emergence 11/2005 The Coronavirus Infected Hundreds at a Georgia Summer Camp 7/2020 The Coronavirus's Rampage Through a Suburban Nursing Home 3/2020 NYT The Effects of Large Group Meetings on the Spread of COVID-19: The Case of Trump Rallies 10/2020 Abstract The Effects of Large Group Meetings on the Spread of COVID-19: The Case of Trump Rallies 10/2020 Article Tracking Covid-19 infections among President Trump's contacts. What we know about the Covid-19 status of those who have been around the president recently. 10/2020 Tracing Trump's movements: A timeline of the days leading up to his COVID diagnosis. A review of his public schedule shows several possible "super-spreader" events. 10/2020 Two churches reclose after faith leaders and congregants get coronavirus 5/2020 What's A 'Super-Spreading Event'? And Has It Happened With COVID-19? 2/2020 What counts as a 'superspreader' event? 1o/2020 With the holidays coming, Covid cases likely to surge during 'six weeks of superspreader events' 10/2020 Why Are Some People So Much More Infectious Than Others? 4/2020 Why COVID-19 Flare-Ups Will Keep Happening 5/2020 Why understanding superspreaders is key to controlling COVID-19 PBS.org Younger adults are biggest spreaders of Covid-19, study suggests 2/2021
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Transmission Factors
Graphic source: https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciaa1442/5910315
Graphic source: https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciaa1442/5910315
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2767010
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0869-5
a, Schematic of the relation between different time periods in the transmission of infectious disease. b, Human-to-human transmission pairs of SAR-CoV-2 virus (N=77). We assumed a maximum exposure window of 21 days prior to symptom onset of the secondary cases. Detailed information on the transmission pairs and the source of information is summarized in Supplementary Tables 2 and 3. c, Estimated serial interval distribution (top), inferred infectiousness profile (middle) and assumed incubation period (bottom) of COVID-19.
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0869-5
Viral load (threshold cycle (Ct) values) detected by RT–PCR (PCR with reverse transcription) in throat swabs from patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 (N=94), overall and stratified by disease severity, sex, age group and link to Hubei province. The detection limit was Ct = 40, which was used to indicate negative samples. The thick lines show the trend in viral load, using smoothing splines. We added some noise to the data points to avoid overlaps.
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Air (Airborne)Transmission
Video Source: https://twitter.com/nytimes/status/1383871010617757703
VIDEO
Infected after 5 minutes, from 20 feet away: South Korea study shows coronavirus’ spread indoors
Evolution of a Cough
Graphic source: https://www.mcgill.ca/newsroom/channels/news/covid-19-without-masks-two-metres-distancing-not-enough-333819
Evolution of a cough with mask
Graphic source: https://www.mcgill.ca/newsroom/channels/news/covid-19-without-masks-two-metres-distancing-not-enough-333819
Graphic source:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7e8t-Rzv0I
Graphic source: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/6/21-0465-f2
Graphic source: https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-12-09/five-minutes-from-20-feet-away-south-korean-study-shows-perils-of-indoor-dining-for-covid-19
Graphic source: @ncdhhs
Graphic source: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/08/how-to-measure-risk-airborne-coronavirus-your-office-classroom-bus-ride-cvd/
Graphic source: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/08/how-to-measure-risk-airborne-coronavirus-your-office-classroom-bus-ride-cvd/
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/tukkerloo/status/1237078414416281605
Graphic source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041202031254X?via%3Dihub
Graphic source:
https://cosmosmagazine.com/science/physics/heres-why-you-should-close-the-toilet-lid/
Left: Vortex caused by common annular flushing. Right: Large-scale spread of virus particles after flushing. Credit: J-X Wang
Graphic source: https://boston.cbslocal.com/2020/05/12/coronavirus-spread-restaurant-airflow-erin-bromage/
Graphic shows how coronavirus spreads through air (Image credit University of Oregon)
Graphic source: https://api.nationalgeographic.com/distribution/public/amp/science/2020/01/how-coronavirus-spreads-on-a-plane
Scientific Brief: SARS-CoV-2 Transmission CDC.gov 5/2021 Ways COVID-19 Spreads CDC.gov 5/2021 The virus is an airborne threat, the C.D.C. acknowledges. 5/2021 Updated CDC guidance acknowledges coronavirus can spread through the air 9/2020 CDC finally acknowledges airborne COVID-19 spread, for real this time 10/2020 COVID-19: Without masks, two metres distancing is not enough 10/2021
COVID-19: Without masks, two meters distancing is not enough, research finds. Simulations track the spread of coughs and safe physical distancing indoors 10/2021 COVID Spread More Indoors by Talking Than Coughing, Study Suggests 1/2021 COVID-19 Is Transmitted Through Aerosols. We Have Enough Evidence, Now It Is Time to Act 8/2020 Droplets vs Aerosols: What's More Important in COVID-19 Spread? CDC finally acknowledged aerosol transmission, but contribution to case counts remains unclear 5/2021 Efforts to stop spread of COVID-19 should focus on preventing airborne transmission, experts say 4/2021 Epidemiologic Evidence for Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during Church Singing, Australia, 2020 6/2021 Fate and Transport of Indoor Microbiological Aerosols (FaTIMA) Web tool
Excel fatima-csv-template Fate and Transport of Indoor Microbiological Aerosols (FaTIMA) Flushing a public toilet? Don't linger, because aerosolized droplets do. Study explores flushing power to test risk of COVID-19 transmission 4/2021 Simple safety measures reduce musical COVID-19 transmission 8/2021 6 feet may not be enough to avoid infectious aerosols indoors 9/2021 Transmission of Viruses in Droplets and Aerosols (part 1) Transmission of Viruses in Droplets and Aerosols (part 2) Transmission of Viruses in Droplets and Aerosols (part 3) Transmission of Viruses in Droplets and Aerosols (Part 4) Youtube 239 Experts With One Big Claim: The Coronavirus Is Airborne 7/2020 Aboard the Diamond Princess, a Case Study in Aerosol Transmission. A computer model of the cruise-ship outbreak found that the virus spread most readily in microscopic droplets light enough to linger in the air. 7/2020
Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals 4/2020 Aerosol and Surface Distribution of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Hospital Wards, Wuhan, China, 2020 4/2020 Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1 3/2020 Aerosol Scientist: COVID-19 Is Likely Airborne 6/2020 Airborne Coronavirus Detected in Wuhan Hospitals 5/2020 Airborne Spread of SARS-CoV-2 and a Potential Role for Air Disinfection 6/2020 JAMA Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Theoretical Considerations and Available Evidence 7/2020 JAMA Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The world should face the reality 6/2020 Airborne Coronavirus: What You Should Do Now 7/2020 Airborne viruses can spread on dust, non-respiratory particles 8/2020 Can the coronavirus spread through speech? 4/2020 CDC: COVID-19 Can Spread 13 Feet, Travel on Shoes; 4/2020 Coronavirus can travel twice as far as official safe distance and stay in air for 30 minutes, Chinese study finds 3/2020 SCMP.com Coronavirus Lingers in Air of Crowded Spaces, New Study Finds 4/2020 Coughs and sneezes travel farther than you think via @YouTube COVID-19 may spread through breathing and talking but we don't know how much. 4/2020 Speech-related spread could help explain why people can spread the virus before they develop a cough. COVID-19 Outbreak Associated with Air Conditioning in Restaurant, Guangzhou, China, 2020 7/2020 (Released 4/2020) Covid-19 spreads through the air. That is a big challenge for reopening 6/2020 Covid Is Airborne, Scientists Say. Now Authorities Think So, Too 5/2021 Everything You Wanted to Know About Air Purifiers and Coronavirus 11/2020 Here's how coronavirus spreads on a plane—and the safest place to sit. Global travel opens new roads for outbreaks, like coronavirus and the flu—but which is more dangerous, and how can you stay safe? 3/2020 NATGEO How airflow inside your car affects COVID-19 risk 12/2020 How Coronavirus Infected Some, but Not All, in a Restaurant A limited study by Chinese researchers suggests the role played by air currents in spreading the illness in enclosed spaces. 4/2020 How Did We Get Here: What Are Droplets and Aerosols and How Far Do They Go? A Historical Perspective on the Transmission of Respiratory Infectious Diseases 5/2021 How far can SARS-CoV-2 travel into the airways? A mathematical model shows it reaches deep into our lungs, and more to the right than the left. 6/2021 How Important Is Speech in Transmitting Coronavirus? 3/2020 ucdavis.edu How important is speech in transmitting coronavirus? 4/2020 How To Protect Yourself From Coronavirus That Can Linger In The Air 9/2020 Infected after 5 minutes, from 20 feet away: South Korea study shows coronavirus’ spread indoors 12/2020 It is Time to Address Airborne Transmission of COVID-19 7/2020 Is COVID-19 spread through the air? 7/2020.
Scientists say there's mounting evidence it can be. Measure the risk of airborne COVID-19 in your office, classroom, or bus ride 8/2020 Model: Face Masks Prevented Thousands of COVID-19 Cases. Researchers argue airborne transmission "dominant route for infection" 6/2020 Mounting Evidence Suggests Coronavirus Is Airborne—but Health Advice Has Not Caught Up 7/2020 People are getting sick from coronavirus spreading through the air – and that’s a big challenge for reopening 6/2020 Playing wind instruments generates less aerosol than vocalization, COVID-19 study finds 6/2021 Researchers link 'heavy wildfire smoke' in Reno to increased risk of contracting COVID-19 7/2021 Scientists Urge WHO To Update Guidance On Airborne Transmission Of The Coronavirus 7/2020 NPR 6 feet may not keep musicians safe during the pandemic 10/2020 Stay 6 Feet Apart, We're Told. But How Far Can Air Carry Coronavirus? Most of the big droplets travel a mere six feet. The role of tiny aerosols is the “trillion-dollar question. 4/2020 Talking Can Generate Coronavirus Droplets That Linger Up to 14 Minutes 5/2020 The Coronavirus Is Airborne Indoors. Why Are We Still Scrubbing Surfaces? 11/2020 The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission 5/2020 The Coronavirus Can Be Airborne Indoors, W.H.O. Says 7/2020 The Coronavirus May Be Adrift in Indoor Air, C.D.C. Acknowledges 10/2020 The Flu May Linger in the Air, Just Like the Coronavirus 7/2020 The Scientist, the Air and the Virus 6/2020
The Shifting Paradigm of COVID-19 Airborne Transmission; Expert panel points to "circumstantial evidence," though research is evolving 8/2020 The 60-Year-Old Scientific Screwup That Helped Covid Kill. All pandemic long, scientists brawled over how the virus spreads. Droplets! No, aerosols! At the heart of the fight was a teensy error with huge consequences. 5/2021 Tree pollen carries SARS-CoV-2 particles farther, facilitates virus spread, study finds 6/2021 Turbulent Gas Clouds and Respiratory Pathogen Emissions - Potential Implications for Reducing Transmission of COVID-19 3/2020 Two meters distance might not be enough to avoid the spread of COVID-19 Social distance is important but also sneeze and cough etiquette 4/2020 Using a public restroom? Mask up! Flushing public restroom toilets or urinals can spew clouds of particles carrying viruses, including COVID-19 8/2020 Violent expiratory events: on coughing and sneezing 2/2014 Viral Load of SARS-CoV-2 in Respiratory Aerosols Emitted by COVID-19 Patients while Breathing, Talking, and Singing 8/2021 We Know Crowding Affects the Spread. It May Affect the Death Rate. Densely populated areas can have nearly twice the rate of transmission, and can make Covid-19 more deadly. Other areas can open more quickly. 4/2020 What airborne coronavirus means, and how to protect yourself
The COVID-19 pandemic has revived a decades-old debate about how respiratory diseases travel which affects the safety practices experts recommend. 8/2020 What is airborne transmission? WHO adds guidance on aerosols in coronavirus spread 7/2020 What We Know About Your Chances of Catching the Virus Outdoors 5/2020 When you cough, how far can it go? Physics suggests we should be distancing further. 5/2020 Why you should close the toilet lid. Study shows flushing creates clouds that can carry viruses 6/2020 WHO: The coronavirus may be airborne and could float beyond 6 feet in restaurants, bars, and other indoor locations 7/2020
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Hand Dryer Concerns
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Fecal-Oral Transmission
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Fomite (Contact) Transmission
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/WebMD/status/1249276076146282496
Graphic source: https://www.newyorker.com/science/elements/from-bats-to-human-lungs-the-evolution-of-a-coronavirus
According to researchers at Rocky Mountain Laboratories, some viral particles remain viable up to four hours on copper, twenty-four hours on cardboard, and seventy-two hours on plastic and stainless steel, though the number of viable particles begins to decrease within minutes.
Household Transmission
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Person to Person (Droplet/Respiratory; Saliva) Transmission
Graphic source: https://cosmosmagazine.com/physics/when-you-cough-how-far-can-it-go
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-20-545SP
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-20-545SP
Determining the necessary spacing for effective social distancing, such as for riders in a subway car, can affect the extent of disease transmission. The shaded circle (top) shows the number of people who could be directly infected by droplets from a sick person.
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Sexual Transmission (Being investigated)
Vertical Transmission
Other Forms of Reported Transmission
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COVID-19 Testing Collection and Analysis of Testing Data
Data Sources
Data Analysis
Graphic source: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/06/30/883703403/as-coronavirus-surges-how-much-testing-does-your-state-need-to-subdue-the-virus
Adequacy of Testing
"The rate of positivity is an important indicator because it can provide insights into whether a community is conducting enough testing to find cases. If a community’s positivity is high, it suggests that that community may largely be testing the sickest patients and possibly missing milder or asymptomatic cases. A lower positivity may indicate that a community is including in its testing patients with milder or no symptoms. The WHO has said that in countries that have conducted extensive testing for COVID-19, would remain at 5% or lower for at least 14 days."
Graphic source: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/06/30/883703403/as-coronavirus-surges-how-much-testing-does-your-state-need-to-subdue-the-virus
Testing Basics
Graphic source: https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/coronavirus-disease-2019-testing-basics
Graphic source: https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/coronavirus-disease-2019-testing-basics
Types of Testing
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/Risk/Our%20Insights/COVID%2019%20Implications%20for%20business/COVID%2019%20May%2027/COVID-19-Facts-and-Insights-June-1-vF.ashx
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-20-584SP
Testing Strategy
Timing of Testing
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/FDAHealthEquity/status/1245036877515759619
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2765837
Antigen Testing
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/resources/antigen-tests-guidelines.html .
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Molecular (CRISPR/Nucleic Acid/PCR) Testing
Serologic (Antigen/Antibody) Testing
Surveillance Testing
What is the surveillance testing program? Testing Integrity
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Immunity
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/risk-and-resilience/our-insights/covid-19-implications-for-business?cid=other-eml-alt-mip-mck
Graphic source: https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2021/06/22/how-immunity-generated-from-covid-19-vaccines-differs-from-an-infection/
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/coronavirus-leading-through-the-crisis/charting-the-path-to-the-next-normal/seven-keys-to-herd-immunity
Graphic source: https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/rapid-review-immunity-after-covid.pdf
Graphic source: https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/rapid-review-immunity-after-covid.pdf
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/risk/our-insights/covid-19-implications-for-business?cid=other-eml-ttn-mip-mck
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/healthcare-systems-and-services/our-insights/when-will-the-covid-19-pandemic-end
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/healthcare-systems-and-services/our-insights/when-will-the-covid-19-pandemic-end
Graphic source: https://scimoms.com/how-does-covid-spread/
Graphic source: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/risk-comms-updates/update-28-covid-19-what-we-know-may-2020.pdf
Graphic source: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30230-7/fulltext
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/coronavirus-leading-through-the-crisis/charting-the-path-to-the-next-normal/us-most-likely-to-reach-covid-19-herd-immunity-in-second-half-of-2021
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2770758
Graphic source; https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2020/8/24/21399041/covid-19-reinfection-hong-kong-case-immunity
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/707975.pdf
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/707975.pdf
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/05/28/upshot/coronavirus-herd-immunity.html
Delta Variant and Vaccines COVID-19 in Iceland: Vaccination Has Not Led to Herd Immunity, Says Chief Epidemiologist 8/2021 Delta Variant Could Drive 'Herd Immunity' Threshold Over 80% 8/2021 Seven keys to herd immunity 4/2021 Mckinsey.com A mathematical model reveals the influence of population heterogeneity on herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 8/2020 Antibody Response Following SARSCoV-2 Infection and Implications for
Immunity: A Rapid Living Review 3/2021 AHRQ.gov Antibody tests can't yet say who's immune to COVID-19, but they can show who's at risk. 4/2020 By showing how many people haven't been infected, the tests provide a picture of who remains vulnerable to the coronavirus. Beyond Antibodies: Study Examines Cellular Immune Responses in COVID-19 7/2020 Variations seen in how immune system responds to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein Boosting Immunity Through Nutrition During the COVID-19 Pandemic 3/2021 Can herd immunity help stop the coronavirus? 5/2020 Experts warn it's not that easy. Health professionals and officials continue to warn that there is no easy way out of the pandemic, particularly with parts of the U.S. beginning to ease lockdowns. Can you catch the coronavirus twice? You'll probably be immune for some time, at least 3/2020 Can You Get Covid-19 Again? It’s Very Unlikely, Experts Say 7/2020 Change in Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 Over 60 Days Among Health Care Personnel in Nashville, Tennessee 9/2020 Children Produce Weaker Coronavirus Antibodies, Study Finds 11/2020 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Serology, antibodies and immunity 12/2020 WHO.int COVID-19 and the Path to Immunity 9/2020 COVID-19 Antibodies Can Disappear After 2-3 Months 6/2020 COVID-19 Antibodies Lasted At Least 4 Months in Icelandic Study - But does this prevent reinfection? 9/2020 COVID-19 Immunity: The Great Unknown. 4/2020 Experts think antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 probably confer immunity -- but still a long way from the necessary proof Covid infection provides some immunity for at least five months, UK study finds 1/2021 COVID patients face risk for self-attacking antibodies 9/2021 Decline in SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies After Mild Infection Among Frontline Health Care Personnel in a Multistate Hospital Network - 12 States, April-August 2020 MMWR 11/2020 Differing immune responses discovered in asymptomatic cases vs those with severe COVID-19 4/2021 Herd Immunity For COVID-19 7/2020 GAO.gov How Immunity Generated from COVID-19 Vaccines Differs from an Infection 6/2021 How will we know we've reached herd immunity? 2/2021 How Herd Immunity Works — And What Stands In Its Way 2/2021 NPR.org How Long Does COVID Immunity Last? 7/2021 How Much Protection Do Babies Get From Mom's COVID Antibodies? Study is first to investigate maternal neutralizing activity 1/2021 How the Coronavirus Turns the Body Against Itself. Some patients struggling with Covid-19 develop antibodies against their own tissues, scientists have found. 1/28/2021 NY Times How the Aging Immune System Makes Older People Vulnerable to Covid-19 9/2020. As we age, the immune system begins to shift into a heightened state of alert, dialing up inflammation and running out of certain immune cells. Immune Response Varied Among COVID-19 Patients 7/2020 Immunity to the Coronavirus May Persist for Years, Scientists Find. Important immune cells survive in the bone marrow of people who were infected with the virus or were inoculated against it, new research suggests. 5/2021 Lasting immunity found after recovery from COVID-19 1/2021 Longitudinal evaluation and decline of antibody responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection 7/2020 Modeling shield immunity to reduce COVID-19 epidemic spread 5/2020
Neutralizing Antibody Response Varies in Mild COVID-19, Chinese Study Suggests. Will these antibodies protect against future infection? 8/2020 New-onset IgG autoantibodies in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 9/2021 New Studies Find Evidence Of 'Superhuman' Immunity To COVID-19 In Some Individuals 9/2021 No Evidence Yet That Recovered COVID-19 Patients Are Immune, WHO Says 4/2020 Persistence and decay of human antibody responses to the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in COVID-19 patients 10/2020 Persistence of serum and saliva antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens in COVID-19 patients 10/2020 Rapid Decay of Anti–SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Persons with Mild Covid-19 NEJM 7/2020 Researchers Blast 'Dangerous' COVID-19 Herd Immunity Strategy - "Practically impossible and highly unethical," group argues 10/2020 SARS-CoV-2 antibodies last days for some, decades for others 3/2021 SARS-CoV-2 may be exploiting our immune system's 'first responder' cells 4/2020 Study Finds Nearly Everyone Who Recovers From COVID-19 Makes Coronavirus Antibodies 5/2020 T cells take the lead in controlling SARS-CoV-2 and reducing COVID-19 disease severity. Finding may help explain why people 65 and above face a higher risk of falling critically ill with COVID-19 9/2020 The Only Way for the U.S. to Reach Herd Immunity Is With COVID-19 Vaccine Mandates 7/2021 The race for coronavirus vaccines: a graphical guide. Eight ways in which scientists hope to provide immunity to SARS-CoV-2 4/2020 The World Is Still Far From Herd Immunity for Coronavirus 5/2020 This Trawler’s Haul: Evidence That Antibodies Block the Coronavirus 8/2020 What if 'Herd Immunity' Is Closer Than Scientists Thought? 8/2020 What reinfections mean for COVID-19 10/2020 When will the COVID-19 pandemic end? 11/2020 Why Women May Be Better Equipped to Fight COVID 4/2021 Young Men Not Immune to Getting COVID Twice - Study in U.S. Marines stresses importance of vaccination, author says 4/2021 Your Coronavirus Antibodies Are Disappearing. Should You Care?
Declining antibody levels do not mean less immunity, experts say. Besides, two widely used tests may detect the wrong antibodies. 7/2020 You May Have Antibodies After Coronavirus Infection. But Not for Long. 6/2020. Antibodies to the virus faded quickly in asymptomatic people, scientists reported. That does not mean immunity disappears. US most likely to reach COVID-19 herd immunity in second half of 2021 9/2020 What Role Will Immunity Play in Conquering COVID-19? 4/2020 When U.S. Re-Opens, Will Those Exposed to Coronavirus Have Lasting Immunity? 4/2020 WHO: 'No Evidence' That COVID-19 Antibodies Protect From Potential Re-infection Time.com 4/2020 Women have stronger immune systems than men -- and it's all down to X-chromosome related microRNA 9/2011
COVID-19 natural immunity Back to Table of Contents
COVID-19 acquired immunity
Vaccination Data & Reporting
Vaccine Guidance
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/fully-vaccinated-guidance.html
Graphic source: CDC
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/fully-vaccinated-guidance.html
Graphic source: https://www.ajronline.org/doi/pdf/10.2214/AJR.21.25688
Vaccine Development
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7018e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7013e3.htm
Graphic source: https://publichealthcollaborative.org/resources/graphic-about-the-3-covid-19-vaccines/
Graphic source: https://www.medpagetoday.com/special-reports/exclusives/91489
Graphic source: VOX
Graphic source: https://health.clevelandclinic.org/8-common-covid-19-vaccine-myths-explained/
Graphic source: https://www.sciencealert.com/here-are-9-ways-to-discuss-the-coronavirus-vaccine-with-someone-hesitant-to-get-it
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-20-701
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/22515/share-of-us-adults-willing-to-get-a-covid-19-vaccine/
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/infographics/journey-of-child-vaccine.html
Graphic source: https://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/What-you-need-to-know-about-the-COVID-19-vaccine
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-20-583SP
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-20-583SP
Can COVID vaccines stop transmission? Scientists race to find answers
Controlling the pandemic will require shots that prevent viral spread, but that feature is difficult to measure. 2/2021 Coronavirus mRNA Vaccine Safety and Efficacy AMA.org Effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines Against COVID-19 Among Hospitalized Adults Aged ≥65 Years - United States, January-March 2021. 4/2021 MMWR Major European nations suspend use of AstraZeneca vaccine 3/2021 The different types of COVID-19 vaccines 1/2021 WHO.int Quick guide: COVID-19 vaccines in use and how they work 1/2021 Interim Clinical Considerations for Use of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines Currently Authorized in the United States 12/2020 CDC.gov Interim Estimates of Vaccine Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccines in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Health Care Personnel, First Responders, and Other Essential and Frontline Workers - Eight U.S. Locations, December 2020-March 2021 3/2021 CDC Updates Contraindications to COVID-19 Vaccination 1/2021 COVID-19 ACIP Vaccine Recommendations CDC.gov 9 Common COVID-19 Vaccine Myths Explained
No, the vaccine will not alter your DNA or give you COVID-19 12/2021 A coronavirus vaccine could require you to get two shots. Here's why. 6/2020
Australia Scraps Covid-19 Vaccine That Produced H.I.V. False Positives. Of the dozens of coronavirus vaccines being tested worldwide, the one under development at the University of Queensland was the first to be abandoned. 12/2020 COVID-19 Vaccine Development GAO.gov COVID-19 Vaccine FAQ: Safety, Side Effects, Efficacy 12/2020 COVID-19 Vaccine Will Probably Require Two Doses 6/2020 Data show panic and disorganization dominate the study of Covid-19 drugs 7/2020 Demographic Characteristics of Persons Vaccinated During the First Month of the COVID-19 Vaccination Program - United States, December 14, 2020-January 14, 2021 2/2021 COVID Vax in the Immunosuppressed: Reason for Concern - Discomfiting results in new study 3/2021 Ensuring COVID-19 Vaccines Work CDC.gov Fauci: 85 percent of the US needs to get the Covid-19 vaccine for “true herd immunity” With vaccine acceptance rebounding among Americans, Fauci’s goal does not appear so unrealistic. 12/2020 FDA's Drug Review Process: Ensuring Drugs Are Safe and Effective 7/2020 He experienced a severe reaction to Moderna's Covid-19 vaccine candidate. He is still a believer 5/2020 Here are answers to 6 burning questions about COVID-19 vaccines. One big unknown: Can these early vaccines stop the spread of the coronavirus? 12/2020 Here Are 9 Things to Say to Someone Hesitant to Get a COVID-19 Vaccination 12/2020 Here’s Why Vaccinated People Still Need to Wear a Mask 12/2020 Here's Why Viral Vector Vaccines Don't Alter DNA - It's pretty simple - they can't 2/2021 How are vaccines developed? WHO.int How Do COVID-19 Vaccines Compare? A side-by-side look at the three vaccines authorized in the U.S. 3/2021 How do vaccines work? How effective is a single vaccine dose against Covid-19? 1/2021 How mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines Work How Moderna’s Vaccine Works 1/2021 How the Johnson & Johnson Vaccine Works 2/2021 How the Novavax Vaccine Works 12/2020 How the Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccine Works 12/2020 NY Times How Viral Vector COVID-19 Vaccines Work CDC.gov Immunogenicity of a Single Dose of SARS-CoV-2 Messenger RNA Vaccine in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients 3/2021 In Crises, Vaccines Can Be Stretched, but Not Easily 1/2021 Information About Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine 3/2021 CDC.gov Johnson & Johnson brings another effective Covid-19 vaccine to the arsenal in a single dose. The level of protection, though, varied in different regions: 72 percent in the US, 66 percent in Latin America, and 57 percent in South Africa. 1/2021 Messenger RNA vaccines lower risk for asymptomatic infection, study finds 3/2021 MMR vaccine could protect against COVID-19, study shows 11/2020 Moderna's COVID Vax Produces Antibody Responses 6 Months Later, But neutralizing activity declined over time, and not equally among age groups 4/2021 <> MODERNA COVID-19 VACCINE UPDATES - NEW YORK CITY 12/2020 NYC DOH
mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine Reduces Asymptomatic Infection, Real-World Data Shows 3/2021 Novavax’s Vaccine Works Well — Except on Variant First Found in South Africa 1/2021 Planning for a COVID-19 Vaccination Program 5/2020 Reduction in COVID-19 Patients Requiring Mechanical Ventilation Following Implementation of a National COVID-19 Vaccination Program - Israel, December 2020-February 2021 2/2021 MMWR SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Much Accomplished, Much to Learn 1/2021 Second COVID Shot Packs the Big Punch - First dose also worse for those with previous COVID, but "small price to pay" for protection 2/2021 Should You Be Concerned About Blood Clots, Bleeding and the AZ-Vaccine? 3/2021 Straight Talk About a COVID-19 Vaccine 4/2020 The Journey of Your Child's Vaccine 1/2018 The Mysterious Disappearance of SARS & Why We Will Need a Vaccine for COVID-19 5/2020 These Covid-19 vaccine candidates could change the way we make vaccines — if they work. Why adenovirus and mRNA vaccines could start a revolution. 8/2020 Those who had COVID-19 may only need one vaccine dose, study suggests. Second vaccine important for those who have not had COVID-19 to reach strong immunity 4/2021 UK issues anaphylaxis warning on Pfizer vaccine after adverse reactions 12/2020 U.K. says under-30s should get a non-AstraZeneca option; E.U. finds a 'possible link' to rare clots. 4/2021 Understanding mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines Understanding Viral Vector COVID-19 Vaccines Update on AstraZeneca and blood clots. German researchers might have found the link between the COVID-19 vaccine and unusual cases of blood clots. 3/2021 U.S. Health Officials Question AstraZeneca Vaccine Trial Results. According to federal officials, an independent panel of medical experts said the promising results announced by the company on Monday may have relied on “outdated information.” 3/2021 Vaccines alone may not be enough to end pandemic 3/2021 Vaccines could prevent asymptomatic infection. Here's why that's key to ending the pandemic. If vaccines can halt asymptomatic spread, then "you could potentially vaccinate your way out of the epidemic," one expert said. 3/2021 Vaccine Testing and the Approval Process 5/2014 Viral vector-based vaccines for COVID-19 3/2021 WebMD Poll: Most Would Wait on COVID Vaccine 7/2020 What you need to know about mRNA vaccines, a unique solution to solving the coronavirus crisis 4/2020 Which Covid Vaccine Should You Get? Experts Cite the Effect Against Severe Disease. Infectious disease doctors say getting a shot of the J&J vaccine, which has a lower efficacy against the virus than other vaccines, would still be well worthwhile. 1/2021 Will You Need a Booster Shot of the COVID-19 Vaccine? 4/2021
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Vaccine Passports
Breakthrough Infections
Vaccine-induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia
Vaccine Reactions
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra2035343
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COVID-19 Testing Issues
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/BillKarins/status/1247848309114523648/photo/1
Graphic source: https://nationalpostcom.files.wordpress.com/2020/04/na0407-covid-19-testing-by-country.png
Inadequate Testing/Testing Capacity
America now finally meets the bare minimum for coronavirus testing 6/2020 America needs universal COVID-19 testing. 4/2020. Here's how we'll get there. The U.S. should be testing anywhere from 3 million to 30 million people for coronavirus a week, to at least 20 million a day, public health officials say. Congress livid over lags in coronavirus testing. "It's very frustrating that we have been so slow in getting the testing," says Mitt Romney. 3/2020 Coronavirus and the race to distribute reliable diagnostics 2/2020 Coronavirus Testing Needs to Triple Before the U.S. Can Reopen, Experts Say 4/2020 Coronavirus testing: Information on COVID-19 tests according to state health departments 3/2020 Despite Promises, Testing Delays Leave Americans Flying Blind 4/2020 NYT Failing the Test, The Tragic Data Gap Undermining the U.S. Pandemic Response 5/2020 GAO: Insufficient testing data hurt COVID-19 tracking efforts 6/2020 How Jared Kushner’s Secret Testing Plan "Went Poof Into Thin Air" 7/2020 How testing failures allowed coronavirus to sweep the U.S. 4/2020 In one Italian town, we showed mass testing could eradicate the coronavirus. 3/2020 By identifying and isolating clusters of infected people, we wiped out Covid-19 in VO Months Into Virus Crisis, U.S. Cities Still Lack Testing Capacity 7/2020 No Data Behind CDC's Testing Guideline Change; Absent any evidence, experts speculate that supply shortages, politics influenced agency's decision 8/2020 States Are Livid After Trump Sends Useless Coronavirus Testing Equipment 4/2020 Testing Backlogs May Cloud the True Spread of the Coronavirus 7/2020 U.S. Coronavirus Testing Still Falls Short. How's Your State Doing? 5/2020 Virus Test Shortages Undermine Drive to Restart U.S. Economy 5/2020 Why America's coronavirus testing barely improved in April 5/2020
Laboratory Reporting
Missed Testing
Test Quality
Test Strategy
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General Prevention Measures Rule of thumb: If you can't remember the names of the people you spent time with in the past 5 days, at close distance (<6 feet), for more than 15 minutes, without wearing a mask, you have probably placed yourself at risk of contracting coronavirus.(Betty C. Jung) https://twitter.com/bettycjung/status/1276687102332358658
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/risk/our-insights/covid-19-implications-for-business
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/travelers/when-to-delay-travel.html
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/Surgeon_General/status/1297508127424872450
Graphic source: https://www.webmd.com/lung/coronavirus-transmission-overview
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/21882/chance-of-covid-19-transmission/
Graphic source: https://www.vox.com/2020/5/22/21266756/coronavirus-pandemic-covid-risks-social-distancing-chart
Graphic source: https://www.bmj.com/content/369/8243
Graphic source: https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2020/3/26/21192211/coronavirus-covid-19-social-distancing-end
Graphic source: https://content-design.statista.com/the-new-normal/
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/if-you-are-sick/steps-when-sick.html
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Consumer Information
COVID-19 Complaint Tracker American Public Health Association Get Ready Page about COVID-19 Resource Page Coronavirus has changed our lives, and our vocabulary needs to change with it 7/2020 COVID-19 for Older Adults Despite seeing great risk, Americans slow to make major changes to deal with COVID 7/2020 Disparities in Coronavirus 2019 Reported Incidence, Knowledge, and Behavior Among US Adults 7/2020 Fraudulent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Products Get the Facts About Coronavirus How to Have a Safer Pandemic Memorial Day 5/2020 Government COVID-19 resources for older adults NIH.gov How to prevent the coronavirus, the best precautions 1/2020 Media trust correlated with COVID-19 prevention behaviors, study finds 10/2020 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) and You 1/2020 People use, trust different COVID-19 information sources depending on gender, age, and other factors. Traditional media and government are leading sources of information, but trust in government has declined. 10/2020 Print Resources - Educational Information about COVID-19 CDC.gov Stop AAPI Hate Reporting Center Report hate crimes against Asians The New Normal? How 700 Epidemiologists Are Living Now, and What They Think Is Next 12/2020 When 511 Epidemiologists Expect to Fly, Hug and Do 18 Other Everyday Activities Again 6/2020 What you need to know about Coronavirus Princes Georges County Government
Behavioral Interventions
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/03/04/world/covid-19-coronavirus
Caregiving
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2769613
Disinfection
List N: Disinfectants for Coronavirus (COVID-19) EPA.gov 15 Ways to Protect Yourself From Coronavirus at Home
From isolation rooms to hand sanitizer stations, here's how to protect your home from COVID-19 Best Household Cleaners for Different Jobs WebMD Cleaning and Disinfection for Households; Interim Recommendations for U.S. Households with Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) CDC.gov Cleaning and Disinfecting CDC.gov Cleaning And Disinfecting Your Home; Everyday Steps and Extra Steps When Someone Is Sick CDC.gov Cleaning, Disinfecting, and Sanitizing Coronavirus Puts UV in the Disinfectant Spotlight 6/2020 Far-UVC light safely kills airborne coronaviruses, study finds 6/2020 Germicidal Ultraviolet (GUV) Frequently Asked Questions 2020 Germicidal Ultraviolet (GUV) Frequently Asked Questions 2020 Guide to Local Production: WHO-recommended Handrub Formulations WHO.int Household Cleaning & Sanitizing CDC.gov Important New IES Report: Germicidal Ultraviolet and COVID-19 4/2020. The Illuminating Engineering Society releases new report on Germicidal Ultraviolet (GUV) and how it could reduce the spread of COVID-19. Improper use of Disinfectants Knowledge and Practices Regarding Safe Household Cleaning and Disinfection for COVID-19 Prevention — United States, May 2020 MMWR 6/2020 List N: EPA's Registered Antimicrobial Products for Use Against Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the Cause of COVID-19 7/2020 Lysol maker: Please don't drink our cleaning products 4/2020 Most people don’t clean right, so use these tips Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Fighting Products No, You Don't Need To Disinfect Your Groceries. But Here's How To Shop Safely 4/2020 Should You Clean Your Phone to Combat Coronavirus? Definitely... Maybe. 3/2020 Spike in Poison Control Calls Related to Disinfectant Exposures 6/2020 Trump comments prompt doctors, and Lysol, to warn against injecting disinfectants WP.com 4/2020
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Face Masks, Face Shields & Respiratory Protection Importantly, uncovered emulated coughs were able to travel noticeably farther than the currently recommended 6-foot distancing guideline. Without a mask, droplets traveled more than 8 feet; with a bandana, they traveled 3 feet, 7 inches; with a folded cotton handkerchief, they traveled 1 foot, 3 inches; with the stitched quilting cotton mask, they traveled 2.5 inches; and with the cone-style mask, droplets traveled about 8 inches.
When the mannequin was not fitted with a mask, they projected droplets much farther than the 6-foot distancing guidelines currently recommended by the CDC. The researchers observed droplets traveling up to 12 feet within approximately 50 seconds. Moreover, the tracer droplets remained suspended midair for up to three minutes in the quiescent environment. These observations, in combination with other recent studies, suggest that current social-distancing guidelines may need to be updated to account for aerosol-based transmission of pathogens.
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7010e3.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7007e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/safety-communications/wear-face-masks-no-metal-during-mri-exams-fda-safety-communication
Graphic source: https://www.livescience.com/face-shield-visualization-covid-19-spread.html
Graphic source: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/08/27/more-americans-say-they-are-regularly-wearing-masks-in-stores-and-other-businesses/
Graphic source: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/08/27/more-americans-say-they-are-regularly-wearing-masks-in-stores-and-other-businesses/
Graphic source: https://www.physiciansweekly.com/?post_type=post&p=195055
Graphic source: https://www.physiciansweekly.com/?post_type=post&p=195055
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0843-2
Graphic source: https://thorax.bmj.com/content/early/2020/07/24/thoraxjnl-2020-215748
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/22300/face-mask-usage-by-demographic/
VIDEO
Graphic source: WebMD
Graphic source: https://time.com/5819527/babies-face-masks-thailand/
Graphic source: https://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h694/infographic
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/21687/share-of-the-public-who-have-worn-a-face-mask-in-public/
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/21322/purpose-and-protective-effect-of-selected-face-masks/
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/WebMD/status/1253904079224541184
Association of State-Issued Mask Mandates and Allowing On-Premises Restaurant Dining with County-Level COVID-19 Case and Death Growth Rates - United States, March 1-December 31, 2020 3/2021 Decline in COVID-19 Hospitalization Growth Rates Associated with Statewide Mask Mandates - 10 States, March-October 2020 2/2021 Effectiveness of Mask Wearing to Control Community Spread of SARS-CoV-2 2/2021 JAMA Effect of Clear vs Standard Covered Masks on Communication With Patients During Surgical Clinic Encounters
A Randomized Clinical Trial 3/2021 JAMA Federal Register Notice: Wearing of face masks while on conveyances and at transportation hubs 1/2021 5 Questions: Stanford scientists on COVID-19 mask guidelines 7/2020 5 Myths About Coronavirus and Face Masks, Debunked 6/2020 7 Signs You Need to Replace Your Face Mask ASAP 4/2020 A Comprehensive Guide to Face Masks; Helpful tips and tricks for making mask wearing a little easier Cleveland Clinic Advice on the Use of Masks in the Context of COVID-19 4/2020 Anyone Living in Areas With Widespread COVID-19 Transmission Should Wear Masks, WHO Says WHO 6/2020 Are Some Face Masks More Effective Than Others? 11/2020 Cloth Face Coverings: Questions and Answers CDC.gov 4/2020 Cloth masks can help stop the spread of COVID-19, save lives and restore jobs #Masks4All Cloth masks do protect the wearer - breathing in less coronavirus means you get less sick 8/2020 Community Use of Cloth Masks to Control the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 CDC.gov Considerations for Wearing Cloth Face Covering 6/2020 Considerations for Wearing Masks - Help Slow the Spread of COVID-19 Coronavirus Cases Drop 46% In Parts Of S. Carolina With Mask Mandates Compared To Areas Without 8/2020 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: When and how to use masks WHO Coronavirus Safety Runs Into a Stubborn Barrier: Masculinity. When political leaders suggest basic precautions appear unmanly, men are less likely to follow health and safety advice, experts say. 10/2020 Coronavirus: Which Mask Should You Wear? COVID-19: How much protection do face masks offer? Disposable surgical masks best for being heard clearly when speaking, study finds 12/2020 Do face masks really reduce coronavirus spread? Experts have mixed answers. 4/2020 Do Masks On Plane Flights Really Cut Your Risk Of Catching COVID-19? 10/2020 Duke University Face Masks Study: Which Work the Best? 8/2020 Effectiveness of Surgical and Cotton Masks in Blocking SARS-CoV-2: A Controlled Comparison in 4 Patients 4/2020 Annals.org Effectiveness of surgical masks against influenza bioaerosols 5/2013 Efficacy of Face Shields Against Cough Aerosol Droplets From a Cough Simulator 2014 Efficacy of masks and face coverings in controlling outward aerosol particle emission from expiratory activities 9/2020 Everything you need to know about face masks | COVID-19 Special Experts: A mask cuts your coronavirus risk by 65% 7/2020 Face coverings and mask to minimise droplet dispersion and aerosolisation: a video case study 7/2020 Face Coverings Made From Layered Cotton Fabric Likely Slow the Spread of COVID-19 Better Than Synthetics, New Study Finds 6/2020 Face masks slow spread of COVID-19; types of masks, length of use matter. Pandemic could be stopped if at least 70 percent of the public wore face masks consistently 11/2020
Face masks: what the data say 10/2020 Facemasks for the prevention of infection in healthcare and community settings BMJ.com 2015 Face-mask use in the United States A regularly surveyed representative sample of Americans about their own use of face-masks due to COVID-19 and their perception of whether 'their neighbors' are also wearing face masks. Face shields did not protect people from the coronavirus in an outbreak in Switzerland, but masks did, health officials say 7/2020 Factors Associated with Cloth Face Covering Use Among Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic United States, April and May 2020 MMWR 7/2020 Georgia Tech - Will you mask for me? Everything you need to know to create your own masks Homemade masks can work, physics suggests; But don't expect a bandana to do the job. 6/2020 How Effective Are Face Masks? How to Safely Wash and Dry Fabric Masks 5/2020 It's Official: CDC Recommends Public Wear Face Masks, Stresses use of cloth coverings, not medical grade, for ordinary people 4/2020 Low-cost measurement of facemask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech 8/2020 Masks And The Outdoor Exerciser: Advice For Runners, Bikers, Walkers, Hikers 6/2020 Mask Mandate Exemptions Put Pulmonary Patients at Risk - Exemptions aren't evidence based, respiratory group says 10/2020 Masks May Reduce Viral Dose, Some Experts Say. People wearing face coverings will take in fewer coronavirus particles, evidence suggests, making disease less severe. 7/2020 Masks, PPE materials should be hydrophilic 8/2020 Maximizing Fit for Cloth and Medical Procedure Masks to Improve Performance and Reduce SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Exposure, 2021 2/2021 More Americans say they are regularly wearing masks in stores and other businesses 8/2020 Masks Work. Really. We’ll Show You How 10/2020 Moving Personal Protective Equipment Into the Community, Face Shields and Containment of COVID-19 4/2020 National mandate on mask-wearing could work better than lockdowns, new report suggests 6/2020 "A national mask mandate could increase U.S. face mask usage by statistically significant and economically large amounts," the report concluded. Ongoing Face Recognition Vendor Test (FRVT) Part 6A: Face recognition accuracy with masks using pre-COVID-19 algorithms 7/2020 Performative masculinity is making American men sick. American men are failing the pandemic. 8/2020 Preventing the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 With Masks and Other “Low-tech” Interventions 10/2020 Quilting Cotton Face Masks Better Than Bandanas 6/2020 Respiratory Protection During Outbreaks: Respirators versus Surgical Masks NIOSH Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks 5/2020 Seeing is Believing; The Effectiveness of Facemasks 7/2020 Seeing is Believing: Researchers Test Effectiveness of Facemasks and Social Distancing youtube Study Indicates That Humidity in Breath Makes Cotton Masks More Effective at Slowing the Spread of COVID-19. Cotton fabrics become better filters when exposed to humid conditions. Synthetic fabrics do not. 3/2021 NIST.gov The evidence for everyone wearing masks, explained 3/2020 The growing scientific evidence for masks to fight Covid-19, explained 7/2020 The Multiplicative Power of Masks An Explorable Essay on How Masks Can End COVID-19 9/2020 The Psychology Behind Why Some People Refuse To Wear Face Masks 6/2020. As coronavirus cases spike, those who refuse to wear face coverings remain as firm in their choice as ever. Here's what psychologists say is driving their behavior. 'Two-way street': CDC report says masks protect wearers and everyone else
"Adopting universal masking policies can help avert future lockdowns," the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said. 11/2020 Universal Masking to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Transmission—The Time Is Now 7/2020 Unsure About Actually Wearing a Face Mask? Here is How (and Why) to Do It. Tips for wearing one properly + how to wash it 4/2020 Use of Cloth Face Coverings to Help Slow the Spread of COVID-19 CDC.gov Visualization shows face shields may not protect against COVID-19 spread 9/2020 Want a Silver Bullet for COVID-19? Look to The Lone Ranger 7/2020 Washing Masks Wear Face Masks with No Metal During MRI Exams: FDA Safety Communication 12/2020 Wearing a mask can significantly reduce coronavirus transmission, study on hamsters claims 5/2020 Wearing Face Masks and Social Distancing Actually Work to Contain COVID-19, According to a New Study 6/2020 Time.com What face masks actually do against coronavirus What is a mask valve, and why are cities banning them? What mask should I wear to protect against transmissible acute respiratory infections? 5/2021 What We Know So Far About Masks and Coronavirus 10/2020 Why You Should Double-Mask To Prevent COVID-19 (And How To Do It)
Wearing two face masks during the pandemic may be a super-effective way to protect yourself against new coronavirus variants. 1/2021 World Mask Week aims to inspire global movement to wear face coverings in public to help stem exponential spread of COVID-19 8/2020 You're Getting Used to Masks. Will You Wear a Face Shield? 5/2020 Which mask works best? We filmed people coughing and sneezing to find out 7/2020 WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 5 June 2020 6/2020 Widespread facemask use could shrink the 'R' number and prevent a second COVID-19 wave 6/2020
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Handwashing
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6940a2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/when-how-handwashing.html
Influenza, Allergies or COVID-19
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/infographic-overlap-symptoms.html
VIDEO
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/CDCemergency/status/1377974108781174788
Graphic source: CDC
Graphic source: https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/941509
Mental Health and Wellness
Graphic source: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-squeaky-wheel/202008/10-signs-you-have-pandemic-fatigue-and-how-cope
Graphic source:
https://www.medicalcenter.virginia.edu/population-health/counselors-corner/covid-19-mental-health-stress-management-resources
Graphic source: https://time.com/5886228/depression-covid-19-pandemic/
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6932a1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/how-you-can-make-difference-during-coronavirus-pandemic
10 Signs You Have Pandemic Fatigue and How to Cope; Months of stress and uncertainty take a toll on our emotional health 8/2020 Activity Planner. Ready to get more active this week?
Acute anxiety: Internet searches for key words spiked to all-time high early in pandemic Allostatic Load Is the Psychological Reason for Our Pandemic Brain Fog. 4/2020 This is why you're exhausted just from being alone. An injection
of hope Life after the COVID-19 vaccine 4/2021 Behavioral Health and Suicide Prevention During COVID-19 1/2021 NYC.gov Caring for someone at home CDC.gov Coping with Stress COVID-19: 24/7 Parenting COVID-19 and the Denial of Death The pandemic is driving us to extremes. 9/2020 COVID-19 anxiety linked to body image issues 10/2020 COVID-19 infections are surging. So are kids’ fears. How to help children cope with ongoing pandemic anxiety 11/2020 COVID-19 Mental Health & Stress Management Resources COVID-19 pandemic impacts mental health worldwide. Physical distancing measures to mitigate viral spread increased anxiety 3/2021 COVID-19 Racism Takes Toll on Chinese Americans’ Mental Health; Slurs perpetuated online, in-person become everyday reality for many families, survey reveals 10/2020 COVID-19: Worsening Impact on Mental Health 7/2020 Depression Has Skyrocketed During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Study Says 9/2002 Doing What Matters in Times of Stress: An Illustrated Guide WHO.int Eating Disorders: Another Consequence of COVID-19 - Isolation, lack of structure, uncertainty create "perfect storm" for crisis among kids, teens 3/2021 How Coronavirus Is Causing a Wave of ‘Broken Heart Syndrome’ 7/2020 COMIC: How I Cope With Pandemic Numbness 4/2021 Post-vaccination Inertia Is Real. Readjusting our ideas about what’s safe is going to take time. 4/2021 Symptoms of Anxiety or Depressive Disorder and Use of Mental Health Care Among Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, August 2020-February 2021 3/2021 MMWR The Pandemic Has Spurred a Return to Low-Cost Fitness Activities 3/2021 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): How to care for a person with COVID-19 at home; Advice for caregivers Canada.ca Coronavirus pandemic may lead to 75,000 "deaths of despair" from suicide, drug and alcohol abuse, study says 5/2020 COVID-19 and your mental health COVID-19 pandemic may exacerbate childhood obesity 4/2020 COVID-19's Psychological Toll: Mental Distress Among Americans Has Tripled During the Pandemic Compared to 2018 5/2020 Distorted passage of time during the COVID-19 lockdown 7/2020 How Americans are coping with COVID-19 stress 6/2020 Intimate Partner Violence and Child Abuse Considerations During COVID-19 SAMHSA.gov Let's Talk About Our Health Anxiety Over COVID-19 The calming power of conversation, mindfulness, and a little exercise. 4/2020 Nautilis.com Longer time spent at home during COVID-19 pandemic is associated with binge drinking among US adults 8/2020 Mental Health Challenges After COVID-19 Recovery. Short- and long-term depression, anxiety, PTSD may be an issue post-ICU 5/2020
Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation During the COVID-19 Pandemic; United States, June 24-30, 2020 MMWR 8/2020 ‘Pandemic fatigue’ marks a mental health crisis 7/2020
Pandemic Takes Toll on Family Mental Health. In survey, loss of childcare, employment ID'd as stressors 7/2020 Pandemic Stressors Give Rise to 'Broken Heart' Syndrome 7/2020. Incidence of stress cardiomyopathy recently elevated compared with historical cohorts Panicking About Coronavirus? Here's What You Can Do COVID-19 should raise an alert, but within reason Parenting in the time of COVID-19 Resources on the Response to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) The National Network to End Domestic Violence (NNEDV) Risks to children and young people during covid-19 pandemic Staying Active While Social Distancing: Questions and Answers Health.gov Stress and Coping Teen Coping Skills: Dealing With Disappointment When Coronavirus Cancels Everything 7 tips for grieving a long list of losses 4/2020 The Implications of COVID-19 for Mental Health and Substance Use 4/2020 The Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19 and Physical Distancing. The Need for Prevention and Early Intervention 4/2020 JAMA The Pandemic Has Spurred a Return to Low-Cost Fitness Activities 3/2021 The Pandemic’s Mental Toll: More Ripple Than Tsunami 6/2020 The Remote Misses of COVID-19 8/2020 Violence against women during COVID-19
Your brain on cortisol: Why overstressed gray matter is leading us astray in lockdown 12/2020
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Nutrition and Food Safety
Sanitizers
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6932e1.htm
Self-care
Graphic source: https://www.ipsos.com/en-us/news-polls/axios-ipsos-coronavirus-index
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Sexual Relationships
Graphic source: @OHAOregon
Sheltering in Place/Lockdowns/Quarantine
Graphic source: https://www.marketingcharts.com/digital/video-114571
Graphic source: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200617194510.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/10Things.pdf
Social Distancing
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/large-events/considerations-for-events-gatherings.html
Graphic source: https://www.bmj.com/content/370/bmj.m3223
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/parks-rec/public-beaches.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/personal-social-activities.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/large-events/considerations-for-events-gatherings.html
Graphic: Medpage
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/20/us/coronavirus-distancing-deaths.html
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/20/us/coronavirus-distancing-deaths.html
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/21198/effect-of-social-distancing-signer-lab/
6 feet away isn't enough. Covid-19 risk involves other dimensions, too. 6/2020 8 ways to go out and stay safe during the coronavirus pandemic 5/2020 Cities That Went All In on Social Distancing in 1918 Emerged Stronger for It 4/2020 Considerations for Events and Gatherings 6/2020 Considerations for Public Beaches 8/2020 COVID-19 outbreak lasts days longer for each day's delay in social distancing 6/2020 For Each Day's Delay in Social Distancing, a COVID-19 Outbreak Lasts Days Longer 6/2020 Holiday Celebrations CDC.gov How to Hug During a Pandemic 6/2020 Of the many things we miss from our pre-pandemic lives, hugging may top the list. We asked scientists who study airborne viruses to teach us the safest way to hug. Lockdown Delays Cost at Least 36,000 Lives, Data Show 5/2020 Participate in Outdoor and Indoor Activities 3/2021 Personal and Social Activities Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis 6/2020 Six feet might not be enough social distance to protect against the coronavirus, experts warn 8/2020 Social Distancing CDC.gov Social Distancing Behaviors Drop as U.S. Vaccinations Rise 4/2021 Social distancing can't last forever. Here's what should come next. 5/2020 Social Distancing, Quarantine, and Isolation. Keep Your Distance to Slow the Spread The Answer to All of Your Social Distancing Loophole Questions Is No 4/2020 The CDC finally has new guidelines for reducing Covid-19 risk post-lockdowns. 6/2020. Lockdowns are largely over. The CDC has new guidelines for being safe out in the world. The Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19 and Physical Distancing
The Need for Prevention and Early Intervention 4/2020 Tips For Social Distancing, Quarantine, And Isolation During An Infectious Disease Outbreak SAMHSA.gov Two metres or one: what is the evidence for physical distancing in covid-19? BMJ.com 8/2020 Visiting Parks and Recreational Facilities CDC.gov Will social distancing extend until mid-2021? 5/2020
Sports and Athletics
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7004e2.htm
High Prevalence of Pericardial Involvement in College Student-Athletes Recovering From COVID-19 (11/2020)
Graphic source:
https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.10.023
Social distance while exercising: 4-5 meters (13-16 feet) if walking, 10 meters (32 feet) if running and 20 meters (65 feet) if cycling.
COVID-19 Return-to-Play Algorithm for Competitive Athlete and Highly Active People. COVID-19 indicates coronavirus disease 2019; hsTn, high-sensitivity troponin I; RTP, return to play.
Graphic source: https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2020/05/13/12/53/exercise-and-athletics-in-the-covid-19-pandemic-era
Substance Use
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Travel
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/travelers/travel-during-covid19.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/travelers/travel-during-covid19.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/travelers/travel-during-covid19.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/travelers/travel-in-the-us.html
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Public Health Management & Guidance
Graphic source:
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6949e2.htm
Graphic source; Information is Beautiful
Graphic source: https://emergency.cdc.gov/coca/ppt/2020/Final_COCA_Call_Slides_04_17_2020.pdf
Graphic source: Initial Flowchart to Identify and Assess 2019 Novel Coronavirus (Historical) (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/identify-assess-flowchart.htm Historical
Communications Resources
For Public Health Professionals COVID-19 interventions can cut virus infections, severe outcomes, and healthcare needs 10/2020 Declines in SARS-CoV-2 Transmission, Hospitalizations, and Mortality After Implementation of Mitigation Measures— Delaware, March–June 2020 11/2020 Differences in rapid increases in county-level COVID-19 incidence by implementation of statewide closures and mask mandates — United States, June 1–September 30, 2020 5/2021 FDA's Actions in Response to 2019 Novel Coronavirus at Home and Abroad 2/2020 Flowchart to Identify and Assess 2019 Novel Coronavirus PDF Initial Public Health Response and Interim Clinical Guidance for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak; United States, December 31, 2019-February 4, 2020. MMWR 2/2020 National Forum on COVID-19 Vaccine Resources Page Pandemic Flu Planning Checklist Checklist for Individuals and Families Resources for First Responders and Law Enforcement Summary of Guidance for Public Health Strategies to Address High Levels of Community Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and Related Deaths, December 2020 12/2020 Free Speech Coalition Lessons on Coronavirus Testing From the Adult Film Industry
An industry that survived one health crisis could be a model for others looking to build confidence, experts say. 6/2020 Why the porn industry has a lot to teach us about safety in the Covid-19 era 5/2020
Agriculture Workers and Employers
Airline Travel; In-flight transmission
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7016e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7016e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7016e1.htm
In-flight Transmission: Dubai to New Zealand
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/health/coronavirus-airline-passengers-outbreak.html
Phylogenetic tree of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viruses isolated from passengers and airline crew members who traveled on the same flight from Boston, Massachusetts, USA, to Hong Kong, China. Human SARS-CoV-2 WIV04 is selected to be the root of this phylogenetic tree.
Graphic source: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/11/20-3254-f1
Transmission of SARS-CoV 2 During Long-Haul Flight: Seating location of passengers on Vietnam Airlines flight 54 from London, UK, to Hanoi, Vietnam, on March 2, 2020, for whom severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection was later confirmed.
Graphic source: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/11/20-3299-f1
SARS-CoV 2 transmission: Australia to New Zealand
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/bettycjung/status/1334132700299583489
Percent of contacts by seating position across all flights. Note the declining number of contacts to the right as distance from the aisle increases.
Graphic source: https://www.pnas.org/content/115/14/3623
Schematic Diagram of the Boeing 737-300 Aircraft on Flight 2 from Hong Kong to Beijing (2003 SARS)
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa031349
Frequency of Transmission on Three Aircraft Carrying One or More Persons Given a Diagnosis of a Probable Case of SARS.
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa031349
Laboratory Modeling of SARS-CoV-2 Exposure Reduction Through Physically Distanced Seating in Aircraft Cabins Using Bacteriophage Aerosol - November 2020 4/2021 MMWR A case study of extended in-flight transmission of SARS-CoV-2en route to Aotearoa New Zealand 11/2020 Another Study Finds Covid-19 Can Spread On Long Airline Flights 11/2020 Covid-19 Can Spread On Long Airline Flights, Per Two New Studies 9/2020 Delta, American, United, and other major airlines signal rejection of new CDC guidance saying they should block middle seats 4/2021 59 Covid-19 Cases Linked To One 7-Hour Flight To Ireland, Per Study 10/2021 Filling middle seats nearly doubles airline passenger risk of catching COVID-19, says MIT researcher 5/2020 Requirement for Proof of Negative COVID-19 Test or Recovery from COVID-19 for All Air Passengers Arriving in the United States 2/2021 Federal Register Notice: Requirement for Proof of Negative COVID-19 Test Result or Recovery from COVID-19 for All Airline Passengers Arriving into the United States 1/2021 A case study of extended in-flight transmission of SARS-CoV-2 en route to Aotearoa New Zealand 11/2020 A large national outbreak of COVID-19 linked to air travel, Ireland, summer 2020 10/2020 Air Travel and Communicable Diseases: Status of Research Efforts and Action Still Needed to Develop Federal Preparedness Plan 6/2020 Behaviors, movements, and transmission of droplet-mediated respiratory diseases during transcontinental airline flights 3/2018 CDC Expands Negative COVID-19 Test Requirement to All Air Passengers Entering the United States 1/2021 Considerations for Travelers; Coronavirus in the US 6/2020 Coronavirus FAQs: How Risky Is It To Fly? Is There Any Way To Reduce The Risks? 5/2020 Filling middle seats nearly doubles airline passenger risk of catching COVID-19, says MIT researcher 7/2020 Genomic Evidence of In-Flight Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Despite Predeparture Testing 1/2021 Here is how coronavirus spreads on a plane and the safest place to sit. Global travel opens new roads for outbreaks, like coronavirus and the flu but which is more dangerous, and how can you stay safe? 3/2020 In-Flight Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 9/2021 CDC.gov New Air Travel Health Regulations Will Likely Stick Around Post-Coronavirus 4/2020 One 18-Hour Flight, Four Coronavirus Infections 1/2021 Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis 6/2020. Lancet.com Review Article: Influenza Transmission on Aircraft. A Systematic Literature Review 8/2016 Thousands of passengers on commercial flights may have been exposed to coronavirus in 2020, CDC says 9/2020 Transmission of SARS-CoV 2 During Long-Haul Flight 9/2020 CDC.gov Transmission of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome on Aircraft 12/2003 Traveling (or Returning) to the U.S.? Prepare to Take a Coronavirus Test; Beginning Jan. 26, international travelers bound for the United States must show negative coronavirus test results before boarding their flights. Here’s what you need to know. 1/2021 Unfriendly Skies: COVID-19 Transmission on a Plane - High above the clouds, small study finds airborne transmission might be possible 8/2020 United Airlines said it was just PR. The CDC says airlines are full of it
Thinking of recommencing business travel? The CDC would like you to consider that airlines may not be the greatest purveyors of Covid-related science. 4/2021 What you need to know about air quality in aviation
Bars/Coffee Shops/Restaurants
Adjusted odds ratio (aOR)* and 95% confidence intervals for community exposures† associated with confirmed COVID-19 among symptomatic adults aged ≥18 years (N = 314) - United States, July 1-29, 2020
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6936a5.htm
Graphic source: https://time.com/5867751/bars-covid/
Community Mitigation
Confirmed COVID-19 cases, associated hospitalizations, and deaths reported to Delaware Division of Public Health, by week, and COVID-19 mitigation efforts -Delaware Department of Health and Social Services, March 9-June 15, 2020 (MMWR)
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6945e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/927860
Concert Venues
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Congregate Facilities
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6937e3.htm
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Correctional and Detention Facilities
Graphic source: https://earthsky.org/human-world/epidemiologist-explains-cdc-guidance-15-minutes-covid19-exposure
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/21895/covid-in-prison-system/
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/22029/number-of-covid-19-cases-in-the-following-locations/
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/21895/covid-in-prison-system/
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6919e1.htm
Cruise Ships
Essential Workers
Fitness Industry
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7009e2.htm
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Health Care Facilities: Long-term Care, Outpatient & Skilled Nursing Facilities Guidance
Graphic source: AHCA/NCAL
Graphic source: https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/patterns-in-covid-19-cases-and-deaths-in-long-term-care-facilities-in-2020/ M
Graphic source: https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/patterns-in-covid-19-cases-and-deaths-in-long-term-care-facilities-in-2020/ M
Graphic source: https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/patterns-in-covid-19-cases-and-deaths-in-long-term-care-facilities-in-2020/ M
Weekly Confirmed COVID-19 Cases and Deaths among U.S. Nursing Home Residents and Staff, as Reported by Medicare- and Medicaid-Certified Nursing Homes, Weeks Ending May 31, 2020 through October 4, 2020
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/reports/GAO-21-191/#Highlights
Graphic source: https://www.ahcancal.org/News/news_releases/Pages/DATA-Nursing-Homes-See-Spike-in-New-COVID-Cases-Due-to-Community-Spread.aspx
Graphic source: https://www.ahcancal.org/News/news_releases/Pages/DATA-Nursing-Homes-See-Spike-in-New-COVID-Cases-Due-to-Community-Spread.aspx
Graphic source: https://www.ahcancal.org/News/news_releases/Pages/DATA-Nursing-Homes-See-Spike-in-New-COVID-Cases-Due-to-Community-Spread.aspx
Graphic source: https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/14/health/nursing-home-rise-in-covid-wellness/index.html
Graphic source: https://www.cms.gov/files/document/covid-nursing-home-reporting-numbers-5-31-20.pdf
Graphic source: https://time.com/5843260/assisted-living-facilities-covid-19/
America's Assisted Living Residents Are Falling Through the Cracks of COVID-19 Response, Families Say 5/2020 Clean Hands: Combat COVID-19 Closely Monitor Residents for #COVID19 CMS Warns of COVID-19 Spike in Nursing Homes; One or two cases in a home can spread to half of its residents in a "matter of hours," CMS chief says 8/2020
Community and Close Contact Exposures Associated with COVID-19 Among Symptomatic Adults ≥18 Years in 11 Outpatient Health Care Facilities — United States, July 2020 MMWR 9/2020 COVID-19 in a Long-Term Care Facility - King County, Washington, February 27-March 9, 2020 3/2020 COVID-19 toll in nursing homes linked to staffing levels and quality 6/2020 43% of U.S. Coronavirus Deaths Are Linked to Nursing Homes 6/2020 How to Improve and Protect Nursing Homes From Outbreaks 5/2020 Interim Healthcare Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients Under Investigation for 2019-nCoV 1/2020 Keep COVID-19 Out Key Strategies to Prepare for COVID-19 in Long-Term Care Facilities (LTCFs) National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN): LTCF COVID-19 Module 6/2020 Mortality, Admissions, and Patient Census at SNFs in 3 US Cities During the COVID-19 Pandemic 6/2020 Nursing Homes See Spike in New COVID Cases Due to Community Spread 8/2020 Patterns in COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in Long-Term Care Facilities in 2020 1/2021 Rates of COVID-19 Among Residents and Staff Members in Nursing Homes - United States, May 25–November 22, 2020 1/2021 REPORT: Nursing Homes See Spike in New COVID Cases Due to Community Spread in Sun Belt States UPDATED AUGUST 17, 2020 Sparkling Surfaces: Stop COVID-19's Spread Special Report - Infection Control Surveys at Nursing Facilities Reported Released by CMS in July 2020: Few Deficiencies, Most Called “No Harm” 7/2020
Suspected Recurrent SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among Residents of a Skilled Nursing Facility During a Second COVID-19 Outbreak - Kentucky, July-November 2020 2/2021 MMWR Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Correctly for COVID-19
Manufacturing. Mining and Meat Processing Plant Guidance
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6931a2.htm
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/CDCgov/status/1280551663938555910
Mental Health Guidance
Personal Care Services
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6928e2.htm
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Schools & Colleges
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7014a5.htm
Graphic source: CDC
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7004e3.htm
Graphic source: https://www.medicalcenter.virginia.edu/population-health/counselors-corner/covid-19-mental-health-stress-management-resources
Graphic source: https://patch.com/connecticut/across-ct/lamont-issues-new-guidelines-when-schools-should-open
Graphic source: https://apnews.com/b133f482b2eba88f8bd733e2d15d13ae
Graphic source: https://apnews.com/b133f482b2eba88f8bd733e2d15d13ae
Graphic source: https://www.kff.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/WEB-Who-is-at-Risk-of-Coronavirus-Teachers-Seniors_1-2.png
Graphic source: https://www.nationalacademies.org/news/2020/07/schools-should-prioritize-reopening-in-fall-2020-especially-for-grades-k-5-while-weighing-risks-and-benefits
Graphic source: https://www.ipsos.com/en-us/news-polls/axios-ipsos-coronavirus-index
CDC and Other Guidance for Reopening Schools
CDC's Operational Strategy for K-12 Schools through Phased Mitigation 2/2021 C.D.C. Draws Up a Blueprint for Reopening Schools-Amid an acrid national controversy, the agency proposed detailed criteria for returning students to classrooms. 2/2021 Clusters of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Elementary School Educators and Students in One School District - Georgia, December 2020-January 2021 2/2021 MMWR College and University COVID-19 Student Testing Protocols,† by Mode of Instruction§ (N = 1,849) - United States, Spring 2021 4/2021 MMWR Considerations for Schools - Operating Schools During COVID-19
COVID-19 Cases and Transmission in 17 K-12 Schools - Wood County, Wisconsin, August 31-November 29, 2020 1/2021 MMWR COVID-19 in Primary and Secondary School Settings During the First Semester of School Reopening - Florida, August-December 2020 3/2021 MMWR Schools and Childcare Programs CDC guidance Back to School Planning: Checklists to Guide Parents, Guardians, and Caregivers Lamont Issues New Guidelines On When Schools Should Open 8/2020 Preparing K-12 School Administrators for a Safe Return to School in Fall 2020 School Decision-Making Tool for Parents, Caregivers, and Guardians CDC.gov SCHOOL REOPENING GUIDANCE FOR FAMILIES AND TEACHERS Endcoronavirus.org Transitioning from CDC’s Indicators for Dynamic School Decision-Making (released September 15, 2020) to CDC’s Operational Strategy for K-12 Schools through Phased Mitigation (released February 12, 2021) to Reduce COVID-19 2/2021
General Info
A cross-sectional and prospective cohort study of the role of schools in the SARS-CoV-2 second wave in Italy Lancet.com
A Doctor's Take On Five Ways Schools Can Keep Your Kids Safe 7/2020 After Reopening Schools, Israel Orders Them To Shut If COVID-19 Cases Are Discovered 6/2020
AP-NORC poll: Very few Americans back full school reopening 7/2020 As Trump Demanded Schools Reopen, His Experts Warned of Highest Risk 7/2020 'Big Mess' Looms if Schools Don’t Get Billions to Reopen Safely 7/2020 Characteristics of Public and Private Elementary and Secondary School Teachers in the United States:
4/2020 Community Interventions and Critical Populations Task Force CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response CRAFT Schools Briefing Packet July 8, 2020 Coronavirus prompts closing of Georgia high school in district with over 1K in quarantine. "We know all parents do not believe the scientific research that indicates masks are beneficial," said the district chief where over 1,100 students and staff are in quarantine. 8/2020 COVID-19 and student learning in the United States: The hurt could last a lifetime 6/2020 COVID-19 increased anxiety, depression for already stressed college students
Study shows unprecedented increase in mental health challenges among undergraduates 7/2020 COVID-19 Planning Considerations: Guidance for School Re-entry 6/2020 Considerations for Schools How to Safely Reopen Colleges and Universities During COVID-19: Experiences From Taiwan 7/2020 Hybrid schooling could be a public health disaster, some doctors warn 8/2020 More Than 3 Million People Age 65 or Older Live with School-Age Children, and Could Be at Heightened Risk of COVID-19 Infection if Children Bring the Virus Home from School 7/2020 Michigan State And Notre Dame Suspend In-Person Learning Over COVID-19 Concerns 8/2020 Most Big School Districts Aren’t Ready to Reopen. Here’s Why. 7/2020 Older Children Spread the Coronavirus Just as Much as Adults, Large Study Finds 7/2020. The study of nearly 65,000 people in South Korea suggests that school reopenings will trigger more outbreaks. Opening of Large Institutions of Higher Education and County-Level COVID-19 Incidence - United States, July 6–September 17, 2020 1/2021 Research Shows Students Falling Months Behind During Virus Disruptions 6/2020 School openings across globe suggest ways to keep coronavirus at bay, despite outbreaks 7/2020 Schools Should Prioritize Reopening in Fall 2020, Especially for Grades K-5, While Weighing Risks and Benefits 7/2020 The Challenges of Going Back to School 8/2020 The key lesson from school openings abroad: Contain the virus; If schools in America do reopen, other countries have some best practices worth adopting. 7/2020 The Risk Of Severe COVID-19 Within Households Of School Employees And School-Age Children 9/2020
The Risk That Students Could Arrive at School With the Coronavirus. As schools grapple with how to reopen, new estimates show that large parts of the country would likely see infected students if classrooms opened now. 7/2020 Thousands of students, staff sent home nationwide as COVID snarls school reopenings. Only 17 states meet the WHO's criteria for safely reopening a community. 8/2020 Tracking Coronavirus Cases at U.S. Colleges and Universities 8/2020 Ventilation in Schools and Childcare Programs. How to use CDC building recommendations in your setting 3/2021 CDC.gov What Evidence Is Aiding School Reopening Decisions? 7/2020. Weighing risks of COVID-19 in children versus the benefits of having kids in the classroom When Covid Subsided, Israel Reopened Its Schools. It Didn’t Go Well As countries consider back-to-school strategies for the fall, a coronavirus outbreak at a Jerusalem high school offers a cautionary tale. 8/2020 Why a Pediatric Group Is Pushing to Reopen Schools This Fall 7/2020
Transportation
Ventilation/Air Conditioning
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/Improving-Ventilation-Home.html
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/advanced-electronics/our-insights/can-hvac-systems-help-prevent-transmission-of-covid-19
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/advanced-electronics/our-insights/can-hvac-systems-help-prevent-transmission-of-covid-19
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/advanced-electronics/our-insights/can-hvac-systems-help-prevent-transmission-of-covid-19
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/advanced-electronics/our-insights/can-hvac-systems-help-prevent-transmission-of-covid-19
Youth-based Activities
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Medical Management Treatment Guidelines
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2760782
COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines (4/21/2020)
Graphic source: https://covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/overview/
Graphic source: https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2020/4/8/21207269/covid-19-coronavirus-risk-factors
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Medical Management - General Information
Graphic source: https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/928177
Graphic source; https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1182
Graphic source: https://www.bmj.com/coronavirus
Graphic source: What You Should Know Before You Need a Ventilator https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/04/opinion/coronavirus-ventilators.html
Graphic source: https://emergency.cdc.gov/coca/ppt/2020/Final_COCA_Call_Slides_04_17_2020.pdf
Graphic source: https://emergency.cdc.gov/coca/ppt/2020/Final_COCA_Call_Slides_04_17_2020.pdf
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Health Services
Graphic source: https://sccm.org/Blog/March-2020/United-States-Resource-Availability-for-COVID-19
Graphic source: https://emergency.cdc.gov/coca/ppt/2020/Final_COCA_Call_Slides_04_17_2020.pdf
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Healthcare Provider Protection
Graphic source: https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/imm/covid-19-providers-dear-colleague-updates.pdf
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/A_FS_HCP_COVID19_PPE.pdf
Graphic source: https://smartairfilters.com/en/blog/whats-the-difference-between-n95-and-kn95-masks/
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General Medical Issues
Graphic source; https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2768391
Bioethics
Co-infections
COVID-19 in Children
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/22537/covid-among-american-children/
Advice for parents during coronavirus
CDC: Don't Overlook Kids' AFM Symptoms in the Middle of COVID; Early reporting, follow-up critical as season for mysterious paralytic syndrome approaches 8/2020 Children face risk for severe complications and death from COVID-19. Most of the children admitted to pediatric intensive care units had underlying conditions 5/2020 Clinical Characteristics and Viral RNA Detection in Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the Republic of Korea 8/2020 Confirmed: Kids Can Get Severe COVID-19, Like in adults, comorbidities a major risk factor 5/2020 Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Children; United States, February 12-April 2, 2020 4/2020 MMWR Coronavirus Mystery: Are Kids Less Likely To Catch It Than Adults Are? 6/2020 COVID-19 and children: Doctors see link between virus and neurological side effects. Emerging research highlights a connection between COVID-19 and significant neurological effects in young brains. 8/2020 COVID-19 (coronavirus) in babies and children 10/2020 COVID-19: Severity and Characteristics In the Young 8/2020 COVID-19: Kids' Noses May Carry More Virus Than Adults' But whether they spread disease is another question 7/2020 COVID-19 may be tied to rare syndrome in children, UK doctors warn 4/2020 COVID-19 May Cause Severe Heart Condition in Kids 4/2020 COVID-19 May Trigger Rare Complication In Children 5/2020 Infants With COVID-19 Tend to Have Mild Illness, Fever Primary Symptom
6/2020 CDC: Kids Catch Coronavirus and Give It to Their Parents; So much for kids get COVID, but they don't spread it 9/2020 Lung, immune function in kids could protect from severe COVID-19 7/2020 More than half a million children in the U.S. have had COVID-19. The new data are a "chilling reminder" to take the coronavirus seriously, one expert said. 9/2020 CDC: Most Kids Dying From Coronavirus Had Underlying Conditions - Enormous racial-ethnic disparities revealed as well 9/2020 Not all children are spared from coronavirus 3/2020 Obesity, race play roles in severe COVID-19 illness among kids. As of July 31, more than 338,000 children in the U.S. have been diagnosed with COVID-19. 8/2020 Pediatrics and COVID-19 9/2020 Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Viral Shedding in Pediatric Patients Infected With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Under the Surface 8/2020 The virus can sicken children in very different ways, a new study finds. 2/2021 What We Know About COVID-19 and Kids 7/2020 What We Know About COVID-19’s Effects on Child and Maternal Health 7/2020
COVID-19 in Young Adults
COVID-19 in the Elderly
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2777684
Anticoagulation & Hematological Issues
Graphic source: https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.2020201629
Auditory Issues
Autoimmune Disease Issues
Cardiovascular Issues
Graphic source: https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/advance-article/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1067/6128749
Graphic source: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/09/23/science.abe2813
Graphic source: https://www.onlinejacc.org/content/accj/early/2020/07/01/j.jacc.2020.06.068.full.pdf
Antivirals Tied to Heart Issue in COVID Patients 7/2020 As COVID-19 cases increase, preventing a second heart attack or stroke is vital As many as 1 in 5 COVID-19 patients experience life-threatening heart complications. Here's why 5/2020 Cardiac arrest in COVID-19: characteristics and outcomes of in- and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A report from the Swedish Registry for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 2/2021 Cardiac Echoes Reveal COVID's Toll on the Heart - -Retrospective study suggests utility of TTE in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and myocardial injury 11/2020 Cardiac Troponin for the Diagnosis and Risk-Stratification of Myocardial Injury in COVID-19: JACC Review 7/2020 Cardiovascular Implications of Fatal Outcomes of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) 3/2020 JAMA COVID-19: Are There Far-Reaching Cardiac Complications? 11/2020 COVID-19 Associated With Some Components of Myocardial Injury-Research raises possibility of direct viral infection of the heart 8/2020 COVID-19 can affect the heart 9/2020 COVID-19 Can Damage Hearts of Some College Athletes 10/2020 COVID-19 linked to cardiac injury, worse outcomes for patients with heart conditions 3/2020 COVID-19 linked to heart damage in healthy people, small study suggests 8/2020 COVID-19 Linked to Late Stent Thrombosis? 7/2020. Case report bolsters case for antithrombotic therapy COVID-19 May Plant Seeds of HF, Cardiomyopathy; Studies raise concern of chronic CV complications post-pandemic 7/2020 COVID-19 Myocardial Pathology Evaluation in Athletes with Cardiac
Magnetic Resonance (COMPETE CMR) 12/2020 CPR Amidst COVID-19 Outbreak: What You Need To Know 4/2020 Guidance on treating COVID-19 patients with signs of acute heart attack 4/2020 Heart Patients Need to Be Wary of Coronavirus 4/2020 Myocardial Injury Common in COVID-19 - Troponin elevations largely mild, but still linked to death in NYC hospitals 4/2020 New Study Highlights Cardiac Risk With COVID-19 1/2021 NYC Case Series Describes Clinical Features of ST-Segment Elevation and COVID-19 5/2020. ST-segment elevations not always tied to obstructive coronary artery disease NYC Study: Myocardial Injury Is Common in COVID-19, Tied to Mortality Risk 5/2020. Hazard ratio was 3.23 for hospitalized COVID-19 patients with troponin levels over 0.09 ng/mL Post-COVID Heart Problems Are Real, Despite Study Corrections; — Conclusions still stand, group says after fixing a raft of data errors 8/2020 Right Heart Problems Spell Trouble for COVID-19 Patients 5/2020. Portable echocardiography may help identify patients at highest risk SARS-CoV-2 and myocardial injury: Few answers, many questions 2/2021 The heart: Before, during and after COVID-19. COVID-19 can not only exacerbate existing heart problems, but cause new ones 7/2020 The Real Reason Post-COVID Myocarditis Is a Worry 9/2020
Dermatology Issues
Endocrine/Exocrine; Diabetes and Blood Sugar Issues
Drug Issues
Twelve-month provisional drug overdose death counts for all drugs, synthetic opioids, cocaine, and psychostimulants, for 50 states, the District of Columbia, and New York City: 12-months ending in June 2019 to 12-months ending in May 2020
Graphic source: https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2020/han00438.asp?ACSTrackingID=USCDC_1026-DM45245&ACSTrackingLabel=December%202020%20Drug%20Overdose%20Update
: Percentage change in 12-months ending provisional data on all fatal drug overdoses, 50 states, the District of Columbia, and New York City: Overdose deaths from 12-months ending in June 2019 to 12-months ending in May 2020
Map source: https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2020/han00438.asp?ACSTrackingID=USCDC_1026-DM45245
Percentage change in 12-months ending provisional count of fatal overdoses involving synthetic opioids, 36 states, the District of Columbia, and New York City: Deaths from 12-months ending in June 2019 to 12-months ending in May 2020
Map source: https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2020/han00438.asp?ACSTrackingID=USCDC_1026-DM45245
Endocrine System
Environmental Issues
Eye Issues
Gastrointestinal Issues
Immune System
Kidney Dialysis and Renal Issues
Pathophysiology of acute kidney injury in COVID-19 (ACE2 = angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; SARS-CoV-2 = severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2).
Graphic source: https://www.ccjm.org/content/87/10/619
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Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Adults Associated with COVID-19 (MIS-A),
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Associated with COVID-19 (MIS-C), previously known as Pediatric Multi-System Inflammatory Syndrome (PMIS, or MIS-C)
Graphic source: https://www.cell.com/trends/microbiology/fulltext/S0966-842X(20)30265-1
Graphic source: https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2020/han00432.asp
ACR Outlines Best Practices for Kids With MIS-C, Guidance on cardiac management, preventing clotting in COVID-associated syndrome 6/2020 A rare Covid-19 complication was reported in children. Now, it's showing up in adults. "This needs to be in the forefront of every intensive care unit physician's mind," said one expert. 10/2020
Clinical Characteristics of 58 Children With a Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome Temporally Associated With SARS-CoV-2 7/2020 Clinical Guidance for Pediatric Patients with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Associated with SARS-CoV-2 and Hyperinflammation in COVID-19 6/2020 Draft Document COVID-19: Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Pediatrics 7/2020 The Mystery of MIS-C Post-SARS-CoV-2 Infection 10/2020 Updated Reporting Requirements for Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Associated with COVID-19 (Formerly Pediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome) 5/2020 64 NY Children Sick With Rare COVID-Related Illness, State Finds; Here Are the Warning Signs 5/2020 A New Coronavirus Threat to Children 5/2020 Children Are Falling Ill With a Baffling Ailment Related to Covid-19 5/2020 Children are falling ill with perplexing inflammatory syndrome thought to be linked to covid-19 5/2020 COVID-19: Alert Over Multisystem Hyperinflammatory State in Children 4/2020 COVID-19-Associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children; United States, March-July 2020 MMWR 8/2020
Derm Symptoms Signal MIS-C in Kids - Case series shows mucocutaneous findings in most children 12/2020 GI Symptoms Are a Major Presentation Component of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children 6/2020 Guidance: Pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with COVID-19 Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health Kawasaki Disease From COVID-19 in Kids: How Common? Warnings out on inflammatory syndrome but many questions remain 5/2020 Kawasaki-like multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children during the covid-19 pandemic in Paris, France: prospective observational study 6/2020 Kids' Brains Affected by COVID-Linked Inflammatory Syndrome; Central and peripheral nervous system symptoms also reported 7/2020 Kids' COVID-Linked Ailment Is Not Your Typical Kawasaki Disease. A number of differences emerging, but U.S. data still scant 5/2020 Kids with Kawasaki disease symptoms possibly linked to COVID-19; coronavirus infection leading to critical illness in children remains very infrequent 5/2020 MIS-C Appears to Target Kids' Hearts and More 7/2020 MIS-C: Tip of the Iceberg for Kids' COVID Inflammation? Surveillance data affirm profile of the syndrome, but there may be more to it 6/2020 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C) 5/2020 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) CDC.gov 5/2020 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Related to COVID-19 in Previously Healthy Children and Adolescents in New York City 7/2020 New Inflammatory Condition in Children Probably Linked to Coronavirus, Study Finds 5/2020 Smoking Gun Found for Virus in MIS-C Heart Damage Case. First case report documenting viral particles in the heart in MIS-C 8/2020 Studies Examine Link Between COVID-19 and MIS-C in Kids 7/2020 Children meeting MIS-C diagnostic criteria may be "tip of the iceberg," expert suggests Targeting Immune Responses in Kids' COVID-19 Inflammatory Disorder - IVIG, steroids, biologics all tried, with suggestions of success 5/2020 Top NYC Pediatrician Warns of Alarming New Information About COVID-19 and Kids 5/2020 What Is MIS-C? 3/2021
Neurological Issues
80% of COVID Patients Have Neurological Symptoms 10/2020
Acute Brain Dysfunction Prolonged in COVID-19 ICU Patients- 'COVID in the ICU is like a delirium factory' 1/2021 Coronavirus does not infect the brain but still inflicts damage, study finds 4/2021 COVID-19-associated seizures may be common, linked to higher risk of death. Study examines the prevalence and risk factors for nonconvulsive seizures among patients hospitalized with COVID-19 3/2021 COVID Deaths Higher With Neuro Syndromes in Hospitalized Patients - Encephalopathy, coma most prevalent neurologic manifestations 4/2021 COVID-19 is making tinnitus worse, new study finds. New research also indicates that hearing loss could be 'long COVID' symptom 11/2020 COVID-19 Neurological Symptoms Emerging in Most Patients 10/2020 COVID on the Brain: Neuropsych Diagnoses Common Within 6 Months of Infection; Many patients had no prior history 4/2021 News
Covid-19: One in three has neurological or psychiatric condition diagnosed after covid infection, study finds 4/2021 COVID-19: Post-Mortem MRI Shows Microvascular Brain Injury - However, there was no evidence of direct viral attack on the brain 1/2021 COVID-19 virus enters the brain, research strongly suggests. A new study shows how spike protein crosses the blood-brain barrier 12/2020 COVID Can Cause Forgetfulness, Psychosis, Mania or a Stutter. The virus induces neurological symptoms that persist long after the pandemic ends 1/2021 Delirium May Be Initial COVID-19 Symptom in Older Adults - Should be included in CDC's symptom profiles, researchers suggest 12/2020 Large Study Finds High Burden of Acute Brain Dysfunction in Severe COVID-19. 82% of patients were comatose for median of 10 days and 55% showed delirium for median of 3 days 1/2021 Nearly One-Third of Covid Patients in Study Had Altered Mental State 10/2020 Neurobiology of COVID-19 5/2020 Brain Affected in 1 in 3 Cases of Severe COVID-19 4/2020 Brain MRI Findings in Severe COVID-19: A Retrospective Observational Study 6/2020 Can Covid Damage the Brain? 6/2020 Guillain-Barre Linked to COVID-19 in Italy Five patients developed GBS following COVID-19 infection 4/2020 How "COVID fatigue" clouds judgment and endangers public health 9/2020 ICUs become a 'delirium factory' for Covid-19 patients 6/2020 Imaging Study Identifies the Most Frequent Neuroimaging Features of Patients With COVID-19 6/2020 Most Hospitalized COVID Patients Have Neurologic Symptoms; Severe complications seen in all stages of COVID-19, including recovery 6/2020 Neurologic complications of COVID-19 12/2020 Cleveland Clinic Neurologic findings among inpatients with COVID-19 at a safety-net US hospital 12/2020 New-Onset Brain Complications in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients; Altered mental states more common in young patients than expected 6/2020
New-Onset Neuro Symptoms Common in Kids With MIS-C - Half of pediatric patients in small British study show neurologic involvement 4/2021
SARS-CoV-2 Matter Found in Autopsied Brain Tissue; But neuropathological changes are likely immune-mediated, findings suggest 10/2020 Seizures and COVID-19 - Italian case suggests breakthrough seizures may indicate infection 4/2020 Some Coronavirus Patients Show Signs of Brain Ailments 4/2020 Some COVID Patients Develop Guillain-Barre 4/2020 Surprise Find in COVID-19 Brain Capillaries - Could this contribute to COVID brain fog? 2/2021 The emerging spectrum of COVID-19 neurology: clinical, radiological and laboratory findings 7/2020 The emerging spectrum of COVID-19 neurology: clinical, radiological and laboratory findings 7/2020 'They Want to Kill Me': Many Covid Patients Have Terrifying Delirium 6/2020. Paranoid hallucinations plague many coronavirus patients in I.C.U.s, an experience that can slow recovery and increase risk of depression and cognitive issues. Thinning, Leaky Brain Blood Vessels Seen in COVID-19; High-resolution MRI shows injury and inflammation, but no direct viral attack 1/2021 Three Stages of Brain Impairment Caused by COVID-19 Identified 6/2020 U.K. Study Provides 'Snapshot' of COVID Brain Complications 7/2020. 49% of patients with altered mental status were under the age of 60 U.S. Guillain-Barre Case Linked to COVID-19 7/2020 What Does Covid-19 Do to Your Brain? 4/2020 Scientists are racing to figure out why some patients also develop neurological ailments like confusion, stroke, seizure, or loss of smell. What Is the Impact of COVID-19 on the Brain? 2/2021
Olfactory System
Psychiatric Issues
Reproductive and Sexual Issues
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6938e2.htm
Graphic Source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6925a1.htm
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Respiratory and Lung Issues
Graphic source: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/covid-lungs-scarring-smokers-lungs/
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2769872
Pseudostratified epithelium of the trachea showing goblet and ciliate cells.(prime target)
Graphic source:https://www.zmescience.com/science/cells-vulnerable-to-covid-identified-26243/
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp2009575
After defeating the coronavirus, some patients suffer lung damage 3/2020 A Third of COVID-19 Patients Required Intubation in NYC. And almost 30% of those had no need for supplemental oxygen when arriving at the ED 4/2020 Autopsies Turn Up Strange Feature of COVID-19 Lungs. Study finds more thrombi and a new puzzle in the vessels 5/2020 Blood clots and lung injuries found in patients who have died of COVID-19 8/2020 Blood Vessels in Lungs Split in Response to COVID-19 5/2020
COVID-19 Lungs May Be More Likely to Leak 7/2020. Observational study suggests higher rate than in other causes of ARDS COVID Hypoxemia: Finally, an Explanation 9/2020 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in COVID-19: an international cohort study of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry 9.2020 Lancet.com More Data Suggest Proning Helps COVID-19 Patients; Observational data add to evidence of benefit in ARDS, though randomized trials still needed 6/2020 MuLBSTA Score for Viral Pneumonia Mortality 10/2020 Now is the perfect time to quit smoking: COVID-19 and smoking can be a killer combination 3/2020 Organ transplant patient dies after receiving Covid-infected lungs
First proven case in the U.S. in which the virus was transmitted via an organ transplant prompts calls for more thorough testing of donors. 2/2021 Permanent Nerve Damage for Some COVID-19 Survivors 9/2020 Post-COVID lungs worse than the worst smokers' lungs, surgeon says 1/2021 Prognostic Tool May Improve COVID-19 Management - MuLBSTA scores tied to clinical worsening, mortality 10/2020
Prone Positioning for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 8/2020 Pulmonary Complications Common in Surgery Patients With COVID-19; Half had pneumonia, ARDS, or other complications in study 6/2020 Respiratory Parameters in Patients With COVID-19 After Using Noninvasive Ventilation in the Prone Position Outside the Intensive Care Unit 5/2020 Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China 3/2020 Special Report: As virus advances, doctors rethink rush to ventilate 4/2020 Study identifies potential approach to treat severe respiratory distress in patients with COVID-19 6/2020 The Infection That's Silently Killing Coronavirus Patients 4/2020 Use of Prone Positioning in Nonintubated Patients With COVID-19 and Hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure 5/2020 Ventilator/Ventilator Support; Also known as Mechanical Ventilator, Breathing Machine NIH.gov What Does COVID-19 Do to Your Lungs? What You Should Know Before You Need a Ventilator 4/2020 Why You Shouldn't Treat COVID-19 ARDS Like HAPE 5/2020 Wuhan study shows lying face down improves breathing in severe COVID-19 3/2020
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Sequelae [AKA Long-Hauler Syndrome; Post-acute covid-19; post-COVID syndrome, also known as Long COVID; Post-Acute Sequelae of Covid-19 {PASC}]
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2776560
Graphic source: https://www.bmj.com/content/370/bmj.m3026
Graphic source: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/07/brain-fog-heart-damage-covid-19-s-lingering-problems-alarm-scientists
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6930e1.htm
Self-reported symptoms at the time of positive SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing results and unresolved symptoms 14-21 days later among outpatients (N = 274) - 14 academic health care systems, United States, March-June 2020
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6930e1.htm
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2768351
Add Skin Conditions to COVID-19 Long-Hauler Effects - Persistence beyond 60 days in some cases, especially with pernio/chilblains 10/2020 Almost a third of people with 'mild' Covid-19 still battle symptoms months later, study finds 2/2021 As Their Numbers Grow, COVID-19 “Long Haulers” Stump Experts 9/2020 Citizen Scientists Take on the Challenge of Long-Haul COVID-19 9/2020 Clinicians Struggle to Make Sense of 'Long COVID'- No correlation with clinical severity of illness, and some symptoms may be entirely new 1/2021 Coronavirus destroys lungs. But doctors are finding its damage in kidneys, hearts and elsewhere. 4/2020 Coronavirus: 'Long Covid could be four different syndromes' 10/2020 Covid-19: Long-Hauler Syndrome Has a Name—Post-Acute Sequelae of Covid-19 3/2021 COVID-19 Sequelae Can Linger for Weeks - Even patients with mild cases describe persistent fatigue, trouble breathing, cardiac issues 5/2020
Fatigue, Brain Fog Most Common in 'Long COVID' 1/2021 For Long-Haulers, Covid-19 Takes a Toll on Mind as Well as Body - "It makes you depressed, anxious that it’s never going to go away." 9/2020 From 'brain fog' to heart damage, COVID-19's lingering problems alarm scientists 7/2020 Here's What Recovery From Covid-19 Looks Like for Many Survivors 7/2020 Homerton University Hospital. ACERS: Post COVID-19 patient information pack 8/2020 How to conserve your energy. Practical advice for people during and after having COVID-19 8/2020 How long does the coronavirus last inside the body? Researchers are narrowing down how long the virus persists inside the body and whether people can be quickly re-infected. 6/2020 Italy's Bergamo is calling back coronavirus survivors. About half say they haven’t fully recovered. 9/2020 Life after COVID hospitalization: Study shows major lasting effects on health, work and more. Death, rehospitalization, and problems with basic activities, jobs, mental health and finances seen in many patients treated at 38 Michigan hospitals 11/2020 Living with Covid19
Published on 15 October 2020 doi: 10.3310/themedreview_41169
A dynamic review of the evidence around ongoing Covid19 symptoms (often called Long Covid). Long after the fire of a Covid-19 infection, mental and neurological effects can still smolder 8/2020 Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 11/2020 CDC.gov Long-term Health Consequences of COVID-19 10/2020 JAMA Long-Term Lung, Health Issues Common in COVID-19 9/2020 Long-Term Sequelae of COVID-19 NYC.gov 12/2020 Lung scarring, heart damage, and anxiety: Some Covid-19 survivors face long-term complications. 5/2020. It is a true roller coaster of symptoms and severities, with each new day offering many unknowns. Management of post-acute covid-19 in primary care 8/2020 Many Hospitalized COVID Patients Develop New Ailments Later - Higher rates of readmission, and multi-organ dysfunction versus controls 3/2021 Mild Covid-19 May Lead to Lasting Neurologic Symptoms 3/2021
Most Hospitalized COVID Patients Not Fully Recovered 6 Months Post-Discharge - Fatigue, weakness are most common, Chinese study finds 1/2021 New study looks at post-COVID-19 emerging disease in children 6/2020 NICE, RCGP and SIGN publish guideline on managing the long-term effects of COVID-19 12/2020 Nine in ten recovered COVID-19 patients experience side-effects - study 9/2020 Pericarditis and myocarditis long after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a cross-sectional descriptive study in health-care workers 7/2020 Preprint Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19 7/2020 Post-COVID Conditions: Information for Healthcare Providers CDC.gov Post-intensive Care Syndrome "Post intensive-care syndrome": Why some COVID-19 patients may face problems even after recovery. People who remain in the ICU for weeks may end up with memory problems and trouble thinking clearly. 3/2020 Sequelae in Adults at 6 Months After COVID-19 Infection 2/2021 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study 1/2021 Some Coronavirus Patients Are Reporting Symptoms That Last Months. Nobody Knows Exactly How to Treat Them 8/2020
Some COVID-19 patients still have coronavirus after symptoms disappear 3/2020
Symptom Duration and Risk Factors for Delayed Return to Usual Health Among Outpatients with COVID-19 in a Multistate Health Care Systems Network; United States, March-June 2020 7/2020 The many strange long-term symptoms of Covid-19, explained. Long Covid “is a phenomenon that is really quite real and quite extensive,” Anthony Fauci said earlier this month. 12/2020 Trying to Make Sense of Long COVID Syndrome 1/2021 What doctors know about lingering symptoms of coronavirus 6/2020 What Does COVID-19 Recovery Actually Look Like?
An Analysis of the Prolonged COVID-19 Symptoms Survey by Patient-Led Research Team 2020
Stroke
Thyroid Issues
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Potential Treatments
Graphic source: Georgios D. Kitsios, CC BY-ND
Treatments for COVID-19 and their timing. https://heavy.com/news/covid19-coronavirus-treatments/
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp2009575
Convalescent Plasma
Dexamethasone
Hydroxychloroquine
Il-7
Interferon
Graphic source: https://www.ccjm.org/content/early/2020/12/01/ccjm.87a.ccc066
Ivermectin
Llama Antibodies
Monoclonal Antibodies
Remdesivir
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2769871
Synthetic/Monoclonal Antibodies
Other
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Health Services Issues
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6925e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6923e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2015630
Afraid to Be a Nurse: Health Workers Under Attack 4/2020 Stigmatized as vectors of contagion in some countries, health care workers have been assaulted, abused and ostracized. Coronavirus exposes major flaws in health care system, experts say. Doctors and health care experts said the coronavirus pandemic shows the need to shift how we think about health care. 4/2020 COVID-19 in the United States: Insights from Healthcare Systems CDC.gov Critical Care Utilization for the COVID-19 Outbreak in Lombardy, Italy. Early Experience and Forecast During an Emergency Response 3/2020 JAMA Decline in Child Vaccination Coverage During the COVID-19 Pandemic Michigan Care Improvement Registry, May 2016-May 2020 5/2020 Emergency Responders: Tips for taking care of yourself CDC.gov Ethics of reallocating ventilators in the covid-19 pandemic Exposed, Silenced and Attacked, Failures to Protect health and Essential Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic 7/2020 Families of Health Workers Killed by COVID Fight for Denied Workers’ Comp Benefits Fear of Covid Leads Other Patients to Decline Critical Treatment Psychologists say anxiety and uncertainty prompt irrational decisions — like turning down a transplant when an organ becomes available. 5/2020 Hospital Experiences Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of a National Pulse Survey March 23-27, 2020 HHS.gov Ignoring cancer care now may trade one public health crisis Covid-19 for another, NCI chief warns 6/2020 Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Emergency Department Visits; United States, January 1, 2019-May 30, 2020 MMWR 6/2020 Joint Statement: Roadmap for Resuming Elective Surgery after COVID-19 Pandemic Near 90% Mortality Rate in Intubated COVID-19 Patients in NYC - Comorbidities appeared to play a major role 4/2020 $1M COVID Bill; Did Florida Ignore Troubling Data? New York's Pandemic Missteps. This past week in healthcare investigations 6/2020 Potential Indirect Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Use of Emergency Departments for Acute Life-Threatening Conditions; United States, January-May 2020 6/2020 Survey of Insomnia and Related Social Psychological Factors Among Medical Staff Involved in the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease Outbreak 4/2020 "This Is Our Chernobyl": New York City's Doctors and Nurses Are Terrified 3/2020 What happens when the ICU is full? 7/2020 Why some nurses have quit during the coronavirus pandemic
"Right now, nurses don't feel like heroes. We feel expendable." 5/2020
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Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7023e1.htm
![5/2020](https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/950816"> How Can COVID-19 Phenotypes Guide Care? </A> 6/2021 </B></LI>
</LI>
</UL>
<P><FONT COLOR=BLUE> Stroke </FONT COLOR>
<P>
<UL>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.cardiovascularbusiness.com/topics/covid-19/stroke-severity-mortality-higher-among-covid-19-patients"> Stroke severity, mortality higher among COVID-19 patients </A> 8/2021 </B></LI>
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</UL>
<P> <FONT COLOR=blue> Tobacco/Vaping </FONT COLOR>
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<IMG SRC="BG2021/WHO-COVIDTobacco.jpg" width=600 Alt="Covid and Tobacco">
<BR><FONT SIZE=1> Graphic source: https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/more-than-100-reasons-to-quit-tobacco </FONT SIZE>
</CENTER>
<P><I>"Experts have warned that the coronavirus — a respiratory pathogen — most likely capitalizes on the scarred lungs of smokers and vapers. Doctors and researchers are now starting to pinpoint the ways in which smoking and vaping seem to enhance the virus’s ability to spread from person to person, infiltrate the lungs and spark some of Covid-19’s worst symptoms."</I> https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/04/health/covid-vaping-smoking.html
<UL>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/05/200511142146.htm"> COPD and smoking associated with higher COVID-19 mortality </A> 5/2020 </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.webmd.com/lung/covid-19-smoking-vaping#1"> Coronavirus and Smoking </A> WebMD </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20200515/covid-19-is-more-severe-in-smokers"> COVID-19 Is More Severe in Smokers </A> 5/2020 </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20200811/covid-19-risk-up-to-7-times-higher-for-young-vapers"> COVID Risk Up to 7 Times Higher for Young Vapers </A> 8/2020 </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.webmd.com/lung/covid-19-smoking-vaping">COVID-19, Smoking, and Vaping </A> </B></LI>
<LI><B><a HREF="https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/20/health/coronavirus-vaping-drugs/index.html"> How smoking, vaping and drug use might increase risks from Covid-19 </A>3/2020 </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/90871">
Intensity of Past Smoking Linked to COVID-19 Severity - Dose-dependent relationship, independent of current smoking status </A> 1/2021 </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://ebm.bmj.com/content/early/2020/08/11/bmjebm-2020-111492"> Is there a smoker’s paradox in COVID-19? </A> 8/2020 BMJ</B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nida-director-outlines-potential-risks-people-who-smoke-use-drugs-during-covid-19-pandemic"> NIDA Director outlines potential risks to people who smoke and use drugs during COVID-19 pandemic </A> 2/2020 NIH.gov </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.massgeneral.org/assets/MGH/pdf/children/adolescent-medicine-smoking-and-covid19.pdf"> Smoking, Vaping and COVID-19: About the Connection and How to Quit </A> Massgeneral.org </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/11/201117144544.htm"> Study reveals how smoking worsens COVID-19 infection in the airways </A> 11/2020 </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://edhub.ama-assn.org/stanford-medicine-cme/audio-player/18592156"> Stanford Medcast: COVID-19 Mini-Series – Vaping </A> 3/2021 </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/08/200811120153.htm">
Vaping linked to COVID-19 risk in teens and young adults, study finds <A> 8/2020 </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2020/08/vaping-linked-to-covid-19-risk-in-teens-and-young-adults.html"> Vaping linked to COVID-19 risk in teens and young adults </A> 8/2020 </B></LI>
</LI>
</UL>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/04/health/covid-vaping-smoking.html"> Vaping Links to Covid Risk Are Becoming Clear </A> 9/2020 </B></LI>
</LI>
</UL>
<P><FONT COLOR=blue>Other Factors </FONT COLOR>
<UL>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://bestlifeonline.com/coronavirus-complications/"> 10 Things That Increase Your Risk of Coronavirus Complications </A></B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20200527/alzheimers-gene-linked-to-severe-covid-19-risk"> Alzheimer){kind=link}
![Free Speech Coalition](https://www.vox.com/2020/7/13/21310439/osha-coronavirus-worker-protection-rights"> The federal agency that’s supposed to protect workers is toothless on Covid-19 </A> 7/2020 </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00426.asp"> Update and Interim Guidance on Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China </A> CDC.gov 1/2020 </B></LI>
</LI>
</UL>
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<P><H3><FONT COLOR=blue> General Workplace Guidance </FONT COLOR></H3>
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<IMG SRC="BG2021/OSHA-WorkerExposure.jpg" width=800 Alt="Worker Exposure">
<BR><FONT SIZE=1> Graphic source: https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3993.pdf </FONT SIZE>
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<IMG SRC="BG2020/mm6944a4_TeleworkBeforeIllnessCOVID19.jpg" width=600 Alt="Telework">
<BR><FONT SIZE=1> Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6944a4.htm </FONT SIZE>
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<IMG SRC="BG2020/EssentialCriticalWorkersDoDont.jpg" width=600 Alt="Workforce CDC Guidance">
<BR><FONT SIZE=1> Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/Essential-Critical-Workers_Dos-and-Donts.pdf </FONT SIZE>
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<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/communication/guidance-list.html"> CDC Guidance Documents </A></B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/28/health/cdc-coronavirus-offices.html"> C.D.C. Recommends Sweeping Changes to American Offices </A> 5/2020 </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/office-buildings.html"> COVID-19 Employer Information for Office Buildings </A> 5/2020 </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/getting-workplace-ready-for-covid-19.pdf"> Getting your workplace ready for COVID-19 </A> WHO.int </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/26/health/coronavirus-elevator-reopen.html"> Going Up? Not So Fast: Strict New Rules to Govern Elevator Culture </A> 6/2020 </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/building-water-system.html"> Guidance for Building Water Systems. Ensure the safety of your building water system and devices after a prolonged shutdown </A></B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/pdf/ReOpening_America_Cleaning_Disinfection_Decision_Tool.pdf">Guidance for cleaning and disinfecting public places, workplaces, businesses, schools and homes</A> CDC.gov </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/guidance-business-response.html"> Interim Guidance for Businesses and Employers Responding to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), May 2020 Plan, Prepare and Respond to Coronavirus Disease 2019</A></B></LI>
<LI><B><a HREF="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/resuming-business-toolkit.html"> Resuming Business Toolkit </A> CDC.gov </b></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6944a4.htm">
Telework Before Illness Onset Among Symptomatic Adults Aged ≥18 Years With and Without COVID-19 in 11 Outpatient Health Care Facilities - United States, July 2020 </A> 11/2020 MMWR </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.cntraveler.com/story/the-new-york-city-subway-may-work-differently-after-covid-19"> The New York City Subway May Work Differently After COVID-19 </A> 5/2020 </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/organizations/grocery-food-retail-workers.html"> What Grocery and Food Retail Workers Need to Know about COVID-19 </A> </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HERF="https://www.eeoc.gov/wysk/what-you-should-know-about-covid-19-and-ada-rehabilitation-act-and-other-eeo-laws"> What You Should Know About COVID-19 and the ADA, the Rehabilitation Act, and Other EEO Laws </A> 12/2020 </B></LI>
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<H3><FONT COLOR=Blue>Economy Issues </FONT COLOR></H3>
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<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/business/economy/coronavirus-liability-shield.html"> Businesses Want Virus Legal Protection. Workers Are Worried. </A> 7/2020 </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.huntonak.com/en/covid-19-tracker.html"> COVID-19 Complaint Tracker </A> </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/some-workers-sickened-covid-19-face-extra-challenge-proving-where-n1235452"> Some workers sickened by COVID-19 face an extra challenge: Proving where they got it
Across the United States, workers face wildly varying rules about whether COVID-19 is covered as a workplace injury. </A> 8/2020 </B></LI>
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<H3><FONT COLOR=Blue>Adult Film Industry </FONT COLOR></H3>
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<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.freespeechcoalition.com/blog/2020/06/12/announcing-the-covid-19-guidelines/"> FSC){kind=link}