How COVID-19 Has Shifted Over Time
Graphic source: https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/30/822491838/coronavirus-world-map-tracking-the-spread-of-the-outbreak
What Previous Covid-19 Waves Tell Us About the Virus Now (October, 2021)
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/10/23/us/covid-surges.html
July-August 2021 - Delta Variant Running Rampant in the U.S.
Graphic source: CNN
Graphic source: https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/graphics/2020/03/10/us-coronavirus-map-tracking-united-states-outbreak/4945223002/
Graphic source: https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/30/822491838/coronavirus-world-map-tracking-the-spread-of-the-outbreak
Map source: CDC
Video source: https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/21353986/coronavirus-covid-pandemic-usa-america-maps-charts-data
July 7, 2021
Graphic source: https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/coronavirus-map-confirmed-cases-2020-n1120686
July 7, 201
Graphic source: https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/coronavirus-map-confirmed-cases-2020-n1120686
Graphic source:
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/30/822491838/coronavirus-world-map-tracking-the-spread-of-the-outbreak
Graphic source: https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/28/health/coronavirus-million-global-deaths-intl/index.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6939e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6939e1.htm
Graphic source:
https://www.statista.com/chart/20651/locations-by-number-of-confirmed-wuhan-coronavirus-cases/
Graphic source: https://www.brookings.edu/2020/04/02/the-early-days-of-a-global-pandemic-a-timeline-of-covid-19-spread-and-government-interventions/
Graphic source; https://twitter.com/bettycjung/status/1282357711703887872
Graphic source: https://www.pressherald.com/2020/07/05/how-the-geography-of-the-pandemic-is-determined-by-centuries-old-regional-differences/
Graphic source:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/06/18/trump-claims-coronavirus-pandemic-is-ending-data-experts-disagree/
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/Risk/Our%20Insights/COVID%2019%20Implications%20for%20business/COVID%2019%20May%2027/COVID-19-Facts-and-Insights-June-1-vF.ashx
Percentage of emergency department (ED) visits for COVID-19-like illness (CLI), in 14 counties (three in California and Washington [A]; four in Illinois, Louisiana, Massachusetts, and Michigan [B]; and seven in New York [C]) -National Syndromic Surveillance System, February 1-April 7, 2020
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6922e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/21/global-coronavirus-cases-surpass-5-million-johns-hopkins-data-shows.html
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/EricTopol/status/1260659915816792064
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/yaneerbaryam/status/1256769252369072134
Graphic source: https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20200424/more-data-bolsters-higher-covid-prevalence
Graphic source: https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-coronavirus-cases-top-1-000-11583917794
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6933e2.htm
FIGURE 1. Number of COVID-19 hotspot alerts, by county and number of days* meeting hotspot criteria for (A) March 8-April 30, (B) May 1-31, (C) June 1-July 15, and (D) entire period - United States, March 8-July 15, 2020
Map source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6933e2.htm
FIGURE 2. Daily number of COVID-19 hotspot alerts, by urbanicity, and 7-day average of new reported cases - United States, March 8-July 15, 2020
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6933e2.htm
Maximum likelihood phylogeny of the early SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, showing nucleotide reversions and putative candidates for the ancestral haplotype at the most common recent ancestor (MRCA).
C.D.C. Confirms First Possible Community Transmission of Coronavirus in U.S. - A case in California may be the first infection without a known link to travel abroad. 3/2020 China refused to provide WHO team with raw data on early COVID cases, team member says 2/2021 China to test thousands of Wuhan blood samples in Covid-19 probe 10/2021 Coronavirus Was In U.S. Weeks Earlier Than Previously Known, Study Says 12/2020 COVID-19 Appeared in Boy in Italy in November 2019 12/2020 Dissecting the early COVID-19 cases in Wuhan 11/2021 Explainer: The WHO's theories about the origins of COVID-19 after Wuhan probe 2/2021 First Known Covid Case Was Vendor at Wuhan Market, Scientist Claims. A new review of early Covid-19 cases in the journal Science will revive, though certainly not settle, the debate over how the pandemic began. 11/2021 NY Times G7 leaders will call for fresh WHO inquiry into Covid origins, leaked communique suggests 6/2021 Intel agencies scour reams of genetic data from Wuhan lab in Covid origins hunt 8/2021 Intelligence on Sick Staff at Wuhan Lab Fuels Debate on Covid-19 Origin. Report says researchers went to hospital in November 2019, shortly before confirmed outbreak; adds to calls for probe of whether virus escaped lab 5/2021 Investigate the origins of COVID-19 5/2021 Leading scientist says that without a full investigation of lab leak theory, the world will face 'covid-26 and covid-32' 6/2021 New Data Leads To Rethinking (Once More) Where The Pandemic Actually Began 7/2021 NIH researchers find more evidence Covid was circulating in the US in December 2019 6/2021 Novel Coronavirus Circulated Undetected Months before First COVID-19 Cases in Wuhan, China. Study dates emergence to as early as October 2019; simulations suggest in most cases zoonotic viruses die out naturally before causing a pandemic 3/2021 Recovery of deleted deep sequencing data sheds more light on the early Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 epidemic 6/2021 Search Continues for COVID Patient Zero 7/2021
Serologic Testing of US Blood Donations to Identify Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-Reactive Antibodies: December 2019–January 2020 6/2021 The coronavirus may have reached Los Angeles even before China announced its outbreak 9/2020 1st U.S. coronavirus death was weeks earlier than initially believed Two previously unreported cases from February in California appear to be the nation's first confirmed deaths from COVID-19. 4/2020 Coronavirus: France's first known case was in December 5/2020 France Discovers Undiagnosed Coronavirus Patient From Last Year 5/2020 French Doctors Find COVID-19 Case From December - A Month Before 1st Known Case There 5/2020 From Wuhan to Paris to Milan, the search for 'patient zero' 7/2021 Inside the Global Quest to Trace the Origins of COVID-19 and Predict Where It Will Go Next
Time 7/2020 Newly published evidence points to Wuhan seafood market as pandemic origin point 7/2022 New Report Says Coronavirus May Have Made Early Appearance in France 5/2020 New York area's 'patient zero' says coronavirus 'wasn't on my mind' when he got sick 5/2020 'Patient zero': The misunderstood stories of how disease spreads 11/2016 Study Suggests Coronavirus Emerged Much Earlier Than Thought. Some Are Skeptical. 6/2020 The Legal Stakes of a Lab Leak - China could be on the hook for a trillion dollars, but the U.S. isn't blameless 6/2021 The molecular epidemiology of multiple zoonotic origins of SARS-CoV-2 7/2022 The Mysterious Case of the COVID-19 Lab-Leak Theory 10/2021 The Occam's Razor Argument Has Not Shifted in Favor of a Lab Leak 7/2021. Proponents of the theory that COVID-19 originated as a result of work performed at the Wuhan Institute of Virology keep repeating the same misinformation. The Origins of SARS-CoV-2: A Critical Review Pre-print 8/2021
The Origins of SARS-CoV-2: A Critical Review Peer-reviewed 8/2021 The science around the lab leak theory hasn't changed. But here's why some scientists have. Five virologists said few conclusions can be drawn based on the available scientific evidence, but they noted that the context and circumstances of the debate have changed. 6/2021
Top U.S. health official calls for 'transparent' new probe into origins of pandemic. The comments come after a U.S. intelligence report said lab workers in Wuhan, China, fell ill in November 2019, before the first cases were reported. 5/2021 Trump's gone, but China, U.S. still at odds over WHO Covid report. "It's kind of disappointing that it's come to controversy already - the report is not even out," one of the members of the WHO-led team said. Unclassified Summary of Assessment on COVID-19 Origins DNI.gov 9/2021 U.S. intel officials divided over whether Covid came from China lab accident. One U.S. agency says with moderate confidence the virus infected humans after a lab incident, but four others say with low confidence it emerged naturally. 8/2021 U.S. intel report identified 3 Wuhan lab researchers who fell ill in November 2019 5/2021 The details add to circumstantial evidence supporting a theory Covid-19 spread to humans after escaping from a lab. But the evidence is far from conclusive. U.S. still hasn't ruled out lab accident origin for Covid because China hasn't been transparent. U.S. officials haven't shown any evidence pointing to a lab escape, and scientists call the scenario unlikely. The U.S. wants China to share information. 2/2021 When Did the Coronavirus Arrive in the U.S.? Here's a Review of the Evidence. 5/2020 WHO in Wuhan is probing Covid's origins as politics hangs over mission. "The objective of the investigation is not to designate a guilty country," one expert said. "But we also have to be realistic: This is a very politicized world." 1/2021 Why it's so tricky to trace the origin of COVID-19. A 90-day investigation into the source of SARS-CoV-2 has shown consensus that the virus was not engineered. But many other elements remain a mystery. 9/2021 Why it will soon be too late to find out where COVID-19 originated. Time is running out to identify the source of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak 20 months ago 8/2021 Will we ever find COVID-19's 'Patient Zero?' A lack of transparency on the virus' early days makes for an uphill battle. 7/2021 Back to Table of Contents
Zoonotic Origins
Graphic source: https://gumc.georgetown.edu/news-release/new-study-finds-climate-change-could-spark-the-next-pandemic/#
Relationship of bat coronaviruses to SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2.
Graphic source: https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/coronavirus-bat-research
Comparison of the nucleotide sequence identity of indicated coronaviruses to SARS-CoV-2.
Graphic source: https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/coronavirus-bat-research
Graphic source: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-convened-global-study-of-originI>
African Swine Fever Virus: A Global Concern 4/2022 Animal source of the coronavirus continues to elude scientists 5/2020
Bats and pangolins in Southeast Asia harbour SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses, reveals new study 2/2021 Bats & pangolins in Southeast Asia harbour SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses, reveals new study 2/2021 Bat Coronaviruses in China 3/2019 Bats offer clues to treating COVID-19 7/2020. To combat COVID-19, we need to regulate our immune systems to resemble those of bats Bat origin of human coronaviruses 2015 Bat 'super immunity' may explain how bats carry coronaviruses, study finds. Bat-virus adaptation may explain species spillover, researchers say 5/2020 Bats Harbor Hundreds Of Coronaviruses, And Spillovers Aren't Rare 2/2020 COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin 3/2020 COVID-19 highlights risks of wildlife trade 11/2020 Did a new coronavirus go from dog to human? 5/2021 Dutch Minks Contract COVID-19 And Appear To Infect Humans 6/2020 Evolutionary history, potential intermediate animal host, and cross-species analyses of SARS-CoV-2 2/2020 Evolution of pandemic coronavirus outlines path from animals to humans 5/2020 The virus's ability to change makes it likely that new human coronaviruses will arise From Bats to Human Lungs, the Evolution of a Coronavirus 3/2020
Genomic analysis reveals many animal species may be vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection 8/2020 Global report: Wuhan lab says its bat strains were not Covid-19 as US nears 100,000 deaths 5/2020 How Humanity Unleashed a Flood of New Diseases 6/2020 How SARS-CoV-2 in American deer could alter the course of the global pandemic 11/2021 How WHO is working to track down the animal reservoir of the SARS-CoV-2 virus 11/2020 Inside the Global Quest to Trace the Origins of COVID-19 and Predict Where It Will Go Next Time 7/2020 It's Much More Likely the Coronavirus Came from Wildlife, Not a Lab 4/2021 New coronavirus can spread between humans but it started in a wildlife market 1/2020 New Coronavirus Detected In Patients At Malaysian Hospital; The Source May Be Dogs 5/2021 New Study Finds Climate Change Could Spark the Next Pandemic 5/2022 Next Pandemic: Scientists Fear Another Coronavirus Could Jump From Animals To Humans 3/2021 Novel coronavirus may have been transmitted to humans from snakes 1/2020 (Controversial) Newly emerged coronavirus did not spill over from scaly anteaters, researchers say 5/2020 Origin and cross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses in China 6/2020 Preventing the next pandemic - Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission U.N. Report 7/2020 Researchers trace coronavirus outbreak in China to snakes 1/2020 (Controversial, just including it for the sake of completeness) SARS-CoV-2 and NIAID-supported Bat Coronavirus Research 10/2021 SARS-CoV-2 jumped from bats to humans without much change, study finds 3/2021 SARS-CoV-2 looks like a hybrid of viruses from two different species 6/2020 Pieces of several genomes recombined to produce the pandemic-causing pathogen. SARS-CoV-2 relative found lurking in frozen bats from Cambodia 11/2020 SARS-CoV-2 Viral Mutations: Impact on COVID-19 Tests FDA.gov Team pinpoints the origin story of SARS-CoV-2 7/2020 The animal origin of SARS-CoV-2 8/2021 Two more coronaviruses can infect people, studies suggest 5/2021 U.N. Predicts Rise In Diseases That Jump From Animals To Humans Due To Habitat Loss 7/2020 Want to prevent pandemics? Stop spillovers. Decision-makers discussing landmark agreements on health and biodiversity must include four actions to reduce the risk of animals and people exchanging viruses. 5/2022 What are zoonotic diseases and what can we do about them? 5/2020 Why snakes probably aren't spreading the new China virus. One genetic analysis suggests reptilian reservoir — but researchers doubt that the coronavirus could have originated in animals other than birds or mammals. 1/2020 Why They're Called Wet Markets And What Health Risks They Might Pose 1/2020 WHO Points To Wildlife Farms In Southern China As Likely Source Of Pandemic 3/2021 Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses 2020 Zoonotic spillover of SARS-CoV-2: mink-adapted virus in humans 3/2021
Back to Table of Contents
COVID-19 in Animals
Graphic source: https://www.pnas.org/content/119/6/e2121644119
Graphic source: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-convened-global-study-of-origins-of-sars-cov-2-china-part-annexes.pdf
Graphic source: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-convened-global-study-of-origins-of-sars-cov-2-china-part-annexes.pdf
Graphic source: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-convened-global-study-of-origins-of-sars-cov-2-china-part-annexes.pdf
Graphic source: https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/genomic-analysis-reveals-many-animal-species-may-be-vulnerable-sars-cov-2-infection
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6923e3.htm
4 Michiganders with COVID-19 strain unique to mink were likely 1st U.S. spillover cases 4/2022 SARS-CoV-2 in Animals in the United States USDA.gov Animals and COVID-19 CDC.gov Cases of SARS-CoV-2 in Animals in the United States USDA.gov Cases of SARS-CoV-2 in Animals in the United States PDF List Cats and dogs get COVID-19 from their owners at extremely high rates 7/2021 Confirmation of COVID-19 in Gorillas at a California Zoo 1/2021 Confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 in Animals in the United States USDA.gov Coronavirus: COVID detection like 'wine-tasting' for dogs who can sniff out the disease 6/2020 COVID-19 and Animals CDC.gov COVID Variants Detected in Animals, May Find Hosts in Mice 3/2021 Demand for cheetahs as pets is leading to their extinction. "When they hear the cheetah is expensive, they say, 'Wow, we must catch them and sell them,'" veterinarian Muse Saed . 8/2020 Denmark finds 214 people with mink-related coronavirus 11/2020 Denmark Will Kill All Farmed Mink, Citing Coronavirus Infections. Government officials said on Wednesday that a mutation in the virus could interfere with vaccine effectiveness in humans. 11/2020
Evaluation for SARS-CoV-2 Testing in Animals 3/2021 Exclusive: Buddy, first dog to test positive for COVID-19 in the U.S., has died 7/2020 Experimental infection of domestic dogs and cats with SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, transmission, and response to re-exposure in cats 9/2020 FAQ on Animal Coronavirus Testing First Reported Cases of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Companion Animals - New York, March-April 2020 6/2020 Genomic Analysis Reveals Many Animal Species May Be Vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 Infection 8/2020 Gorillas at San Diego Zoo Test Positive for COVID 1/2021 Helpful Questions and Answers about Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Your Pets FDA.gov Here's why Denmark culled 17 million minks and now plans to dig up their buried bodies. The Covid mink crisis, explained 12/2020 How Mink, Like Humans, Were Slammed by the Coronavirus. Rampaging infections at farms caused scandal, scientific head-scratching and a search for a vaccine — for mink. 12/2020 If You Have Pets CDC.gov Interim SARS-CoV-2 Guidance and Recommendations for Farmed Mink and Other Mustelids 8/2020 Multiple spillovers from humans and onward transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in white-tailed deer 2/2022 New unpublished studies show that dogs and cats with COVID-positive owners frequently have SARS-CoV-2 antibodies 7/2021 Pangolin coronavirus could jump to humans, research suggests 2/2021 Pets and Other Animals CDC.gov Preventing the next COVID-19 would be cheaper, safer than fighting a pandemic, study says 2/2022 Questions and Answers on the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) World Organization for Animal Health Reducing the Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Spreading between People and Wildlife CDC.gov Report Shows Arizona Man Infected His Dog, Cat With COVID-19 11/2021 Researcher finds 'stunning' rate of COVID among deer. Here's what it means for humans 3/2022 SARS-CoV-2 infection in free-ranging white-tailed deer 12/2021 Nature.com SARS-CoV-2 Natural Transmission from Human to Cat, Belgium, March 2020 8/2020 SARS-CoV-2 variant detected in dogs and cats with suspected myocarditis 11/2021 SARS-CoV-2 variant detected in dogs and cats with suspected myocarditis 11/2021 San Diego Zoo Safari Park gorillas test positive for COVID-19 1/2021 Studies focus on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in domestic cats, pigs 11/2020 Study confirms cats can become infected with and may transmit COVID-19 to other cats 5/2020 The Coronavirus Kills Mink, So They Too May Get a Vaccine. The pandemic has been a powerful reminder that there is no clear barrier between viruses affecting animals and people 1/2021 There’s a Covid-19 epidemic in deer. It could come back to haunt us. Cats, dogs, and ferrets have been infected by the coronavirus. But outbreaks in deer are different. 2/2022 Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on mink farms between humans and mink and back to humans 1/2021 Virus Variants Can Infect Mice, Scientists Report 3/2021 WHO looks at mink farm biosecurity globally after Danish coronavirus cases 11/2020 Your pets can catch Covid from you, and cats appear more susceptible than dogs. The more time a cat spent with its owner, the higher the risk of infection, new research finds. 6/2021
Back to Table of Contents
Genomic Sequencing Characteristics
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-03698-7
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-21-426sp
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6928a5.htm
Graphic source: https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2020/06/09/2008176117
Graphic source: https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2020/06/09/2008176117
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/30/science/coronavirus-mutations.html
Graphic source: Nature Briefing
Graphic source; https://www.zmescience.com/science/cells-infected-coronavirus-95362/
Video source: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/22/us/coronavirus-sequencing.html
Blood Type
Graphic source: https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/932333
Graphic source: https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/932333
Graphic source: https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/935827
Back to Table of Contents
Genomics
SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes the disease COVID-19, is a big viral family with many variants. Just like with a human family tree, the distance between two variants shows roughly how related they are. This illustration is inspired by the SARS-CoV-2 phylogenetic tree generated by Emma Hodcroft of Nextstrain.org and the University of Bern. Kat Hubbs for NPR
Graphic source: https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/02/09/1047616658/take-a-look-at-sars-cov-2s-family-tree-its-full-of-surprises
A SARS-CoV-2 genetic family tree diagram, generated from data and diagrams created by Nextstrain.org and modified by epidemiologist Emma Hodcroft
But
Graphic source: https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/02/09/1047616658/take-a-look-at-sars-cov-2s-family-tree-its-full-of-surprises
Back to Table of Contents
Genetic Mutations; COVID-19 Variants
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/DrWilliamKu/status/1547016992707723264
Graphic source: https://www.nibib.nih.gov/news-events/newsroom/nih-funded-project-offers-efficient-approach-when-tracking-sars-cov-2-variants
VIDEO
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/03/28/opinion/coronavirus-mutation-future.html
Virus Mutations Explained
Video Source: https://twitter.com/CDCgov/status/1484254407365738505
As of November 25, 2021
Graphic source: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10242493/Is-Botswana-variant-sudden-Covid-surge-South-Africa.html
Graphic source: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sarscov2-variants-renamed-101622507347899.html
Graphic source: https://informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/covid-19-coronavirus-infographic-datapack/
Graphic source: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/08/new-sars-cov-2-variants-have-changed-pandemic-what-will-virus-do-next
Graphic source: NY Times, via F. Perry Wilson, Methods Man
VIDEO
Graphic source: Our World in Data
Graphic source: https://www.who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants/
Graphic source: https://www.who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants/
Graphic source: https://cosmosmagazine.com/health/medicine/new-variants-on-the-rise/#science
VIDEO
VIDEO
VIDEO
VIDEO
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/health/coronavirus-variant-tracker.html
Graphic source: https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20210324/variants-of-variants-seen-in-covid-ravaged-brazil
Graphic source: https://usafacts.org/articles/1-in-6-americans-are-fully-vaccinated-and-4-more-new-things-about-covid-19/
Source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7003e2.htm
Source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7003e2.htm
Source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7003e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/map-track-spread-covid-19-variants-across-united-states-n1256131 March 9, 2021
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7008e1.htm
Graphic source: https://cosmosmagazine.com/health/medicine/mutations-variants-and-strains/
Graphic source: https://cov-lineages.org/global_report.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7003e2.htm
COVID-19 Variant reported by Japan, January 11, 2021
Graphic source: https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/ja/diseases/ka/corona-virus/2019-ncov/10107-covid19-33.html
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2775006
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/21/health/new-covid-strain-uk.html
Graphic source:
https://time.com/5870481/coronavirus-origins/
Specific Variants
Graphic source: https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/09/covid-epidemiologist-larry-brilliant-on-delta-variant-vaccinations.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7032e2.htm
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/CDCgov/status/1422286839457665031
Graphic source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ha6yUxze1vk&t=3s
The numerals in this illustration show the main mutation sites of the delta variant of the coronavirus, which is likely the most contagious version. Here, the virus's spike protein (red) binds to a receptor on a human cell (blue). [Juan Gaertner/Science Source]
Graphic source;https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/07/08/1013794996/why-the-delta-variant-is-so-contagious-a-new-study-sheds-light
VIDEO
B2.75 (Centaurus) (June 2022 - India)
BA.4; BA.5
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-01240-x
Omicron XE Variant (=BA.1 + BA.2)
BA2.12; BA2.12.1
B.1.640.2; BA.2, Stealth Variant
Delmicron; Deltacron
Omicron (AKA Botswana Variant; BA.1 ) (December 2021)
Graphic Source: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)02758-6/fulltext
https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/12/11/early-data-on-omicron-show-surging-cases-but-milder-symptoms
Graphic source: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/omicron-covid-variant-mutations-image-b1965780.html
Graphic source: https://www.standardmedia00 Alt=".co.ke/explainers/article/2001430674/how-south-african-scientists-spotted-the-omicron-covid-variant
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7050e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.ft.com/content/42c5ff3d-e676-4076-9b9f-7243a00cba5e
What we know about omicron symptoms, recovery: A clinical timeline 1/2022 What we know about Omicron. The new coronavirus variant is spreading fast and raising concerns despite causing milder infections. 1/2022 Where has Omicron been Detected in the United States CDC.gov 12/2021
Update on Omicron 12/2021 Tracking omicron cases worldwide 12/2021 Covid-19: 'selfish mask' guest in quarantine hotel cross infection is Hong Kong's first case of new coronavirus variant 11/2021 Early data on Omicron show surging cases but milder symptoms
The variant's capacity for reinfection appears unprecedented 12/2021 Explainer: A new variant of COVID-19
How do we detect new variants, and should we be alarmed? 11/2021 Evidence for a mouse origin of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant 12/2021
First Omicron Case Detected in the U.S. - But Fauci cautions this is an "n of 1" case 12/2021 Heavily mutated coronavirus variant puts scientists on alert. Researchers are racing to determine whether a fast-spreading variant in South Africa poses a threat to COVID vaccine's effectiveness. 11/2021 How Long Does Omicron Take to Make You Sick? The new variant seems to be our quickest one yet. That makes it harder to catch with the tests we have. 12/2021 B> How South African scientists spotted the Omicron Covid variant 12/2021
How variants like omicron develop and what makes them variants 'of concern'. The World Health Organization classified a new variant first identified in southern Africa as a "variant of concern" Friday. 11/2021 Investigation of a SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant Cluster - Nebraska, November-December 2021 12/2021 MMWR Multistate Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant Infections Among Persons in a Social Network Attending a Convention - New York City, November 18-December 20, 2021 2/2022 MMWR New Coronavirus Variant a "Serious Concern" in South Africa 11/2021 Omicron by the numbers: Where things stand now 12/2021 Omicron's Explosive Growth Is a Warning Sign. We don't know how severe Omicron is, but we do know it's spreading very fast. 12/2021 Omicron largely evades immunity from past infection or two vaccine doses 12/2021 Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant: a new chapter in the COVID-19 pandemic 12/2021 Lancet Omicron: What We Know About the New Coronavirus Variant. In just a few weeks since its discovery, Omicron has turned out to be highly transmissible and less susceptible to vaccines than other variants. 1/2022 SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant - United States, December 1-8, 2021 12/2021 MMWR SARS-CoV-2 Viral Mutations: Impact on COVID-19 Tests 12/2021 Scientists find "stealth" version of Omicron that may be harder to track 12/2021 Scientists warn of new Botswana variant of Covid with "horrific" number of mutations 11/2021 Only 10 cases have been reported worldwide so far Scientists warn of new Covid variant with high number of mutations 11/2021 Super-mutant 'vaccine resistant' Botswana Covid variant is driving South African surge and is nearing dominance just WEEKS after first being detected - sparking calls for a new travel ban on region to prevent outbreak here 11/2021 The mystery of where omicron came from - and why it matters 12/2021 The Omicron variant: What we know so far 11/2021 Trends in Disease Severity and Health Care Utilization During the Early Omicron Variant Period Compared with Previous SARS-CoV-2 High Transmission Periods - United States, December 2020-January 2022 1/2022 MMWR What's known and unknown about Omicron, the coronavirus variant identified in South Africa 11/26/21 What you need to know about the omicron variant. Omicron is the newest Covid-19 "variant of concern," according to the World Health Organization. 11/2021 What we know about Omicron. The new coronavirus variant is spreading fast and raising concerns despite causing milder infections. 1/2022 What we know about Omicron variant that has sparked global alarm. Scientists fear emerging strain could be more transmissible and have higher resistance to vaccines 11/2021 What we know about the symptoms - and the severity - of the omicron variant 1/2022 WHO discusses new Covid variant possibly evolved in untreated AIDS patient. What we know so far 11/2021 Why This Covid-19 Surge Is 'Unprecedented in This Pandemic' 1/2022 'Worse than Delta': Alarm over Botswana Covid variant with multiple mutations 11/2021
Delta Variant
Graphic source: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/how-does-the-covid-delta-variant-compare/
Graphic source: mm7035e2_DeltaOutbreakCASchool.jpg
Clinical and genomic signatures of SARS-CoV-2 Delta breakthrough infections in New York 7/2022 Lancet Delta-like SARS-CoV-2 variants are most likely to increase pandemic severity 11/2021 Outbreak Associated with SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant in an Elementary School - Marin County, California, May-June 2021 9/2021 MMWR What to Know About the New Delta Sublineage - CDC acknowledges AY.4.2 is stateside after quick spread in the U.K. 10/2021 Alpha variant of COVID-19 spread via 'super-seeding' event in UK, research finds 7/2021 A new coronavirus mutation is taking over the world. Here's what that means. 7/2020 A New Coronavirus Variant Is Spreading in New York, Researchers Report. The variant contains a mutation thought to help the virus dodge the immune system, scientists said. 2/2021 Another new coronavirus variant now detected in 13 countries. The variant, called B.1.525, contains a worrisome mutation. 2/2021 A Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern, B.1.526, Identified in New York 2/2021 Pre-Print Can Vaccines Stop Variants? Here's What We Know So Far 4/2021 Changes in symptomatology, reinfection, and transmissibility associated with the SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7: an ecological study 4/2021 Lancet Common Coronavirus Mutation May Actually Make COVID-19 More Susceptible to a Vaccine 11/2020 Concerning new Lambda Covid variant found in Australia 7/2021 Coronavirus has mutated at least once into two strains, study finds 3/2020 Coronavirus variants are spreading in India — what scientists know so far. Variants including B.1.617 have been linked to India's surge in infections. Researchers are hurrying to determine how much of a threat they pose. 5/2021 Covid-19: Brazil virus already in UK 'not variant of concern', scientist says 1/2021 Covid-19: New coronavirus variant is identified in UK 12/2020 COVID-19 Outbreak Associated with a SARS-CoV-2 R.1 Lineage Variant in a Skilled Nursing Facility After Vaccination Program - Kentucky, March 2021 4/2021 MMWR COVID-19 Response Team Warns of Rise in Variants - But evidence that vaccines reduce transmissibility is pointing into a very favorable direction 2/2021 COVID-19 virus variants are evolving 'escape' mutations, and immune-compromised patients provide a breeding ground 2/2021 Covid variant in South Africa is 'more of a problem' than the one in UK, official says 1/2021 Delta Becomes Dominant Coronavirus Variant in U.S. 7/7/2021 Delta is the 'most serious' COVID-19 variant, scientists say. How will it affect the US? 6/2021 Delta Becomes Dominant Coronavirus Variant in U.S. 7/2021 Delta Plus Is in the News Again, Here's Why - The variant encompasses three sublineages, but experts are not worried yet 8/2021 Did a Mutation Help the Coronavirus Spread? More Evidence, but Lingering Questions 7/2020 Doctors Say These Are the 4 COVID Strains You Need to Know 1/2021 B> Doomsday scenario: Lagging vaccine rates stir fears of dangerous variants
Officials say the virus remains a persistent enough threat to potentially mutate into something that puts even vaccinated people at heightened risk. 5/2021
Double mutant coronavirus variant surfaces in Bay Area. Here's what we know 4/2021 Emergence of a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Southern California 2/2021
Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Lineage - United States, December 29, 2020-January 12, 2021 1/2021 Emergency Committee on COVID-19 advises on variants, vaccines 1/2021 WHO.int Emerging Coronavirus Variants May Pose Challenges to Vaccines. Laboratory studies of mutations circulating in South Africa suggest they may dodge some of the body's immune responses. 1/2021 Evaluating the Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Mutation D614G on Transmissibility and Pathogenicity 1/2021 Everything we know about the mu variant, the latest coronavirus mutation
The W.H.O. labeled mu as a "variant of interest" on Monday, noting it may be able to evade vaccines and antibodies 9/2021 Extraordinary Patient Offers Surprising Clues To Origins Of Coronavirus Variants 2/2021 FDA Issues Alert Regarding SARS-CoV-2 Viral Mutation to Health Care Providers and Clinical Laboratory Staff 1/2021 First confirmed case of Indian coronavirus variant in U.S. found in California. The strain was first detected last month by health officials in India. 4/2021 First Identified Cases of SARS-CoV-2 Variant B.1.1.7 in Minnesota - December 2020-January 2021 2/2021 MMWR First Vaccine Data Against Indian Variant - Researchers from England examined effectiveness of Pfizer, AstraZeneca vaccines 5/2021 Genetic Analysis Tracks SARS-CoV-2 Mutations in Human Hosts 6/2020 Genetic Variants of SARS-CoV-2 What Do They Mean? 1/2021 Genomic recombination events may reveal the evolution of coronavirus and the origin of SARS-CoV-2 12/2020 How Coronavirus Mutates and Spreads 4/2020 How Deadly Is the U.K. Variant? Updated analyses support worse clinical outcomes 2/2021 How Does the Coronavirus Variant Spread? Here's What Scientists Know. Contagiousness is the hallmark of the mutated virus surfacing in the U.S. and more than a dozen other countries. 12/2020 How SARS-CoV-2 mutates to escape antibody binding. A scientific detective story unearths how SARS-CoV-2 evolves new variants that evade antibodies 2/2021 How the Delta variant achieves its ultrafast spread. Viral load is roughly 1,000 times higher in people infected with the Delta variant than those infected with the original coronavirus strain, according to a study in China. 7/2021 Increased mortality in community-tested cases of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 3/2021 India's New "Double Mutant" COVID Variant Emerges in U.S. - Stanford Identifies First Case 4/2021 How Worried Should You Be About COVID-19 Coronavirus Variants? 4/2021 Inside the B.1.1.7 Coronavirus Variant 1/2021 Japan has found a new Covid variant. Here's how it compares to virus strains in the UK, South Africa 1/2011 Know About Coronavirus Mutants and Variants that Could Have Contributed to India's Second Wave 4/2021 Lambda COVID Variant Discovered in UK 6/2021 Mutation in new coronavirus increases chance of infection: study 6/2020 Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 offer insights into virus evolution 5/2020 Neither Alternative Was Good News: An Immunologist Traces the Spread of P.1, the Brazilian COVID Variant 4/2021 New California Variant May Be Driving Virus Surge There, Study Suggests. Researchers found that the variant originated in California and showed up in more than half of samples tested last week by researchers in Los Angeles. 1/2021 New coronavirus variant identified in German hospital 1/2021 New coronavirus variants could cause more reinfections, require updated vaccines 1/2021 New coronavirus variant spotted in California raises alarm 2/2021 New COVID Strain Has Reached the U.S. 9/2021 R.1. strain New Covid variant detected at Texas A&M lab shows signs of antibody resistance and more severe illness in young people 4/2021 New COVID 'Super Strains' Could Disrupt Life Again 1/2021 New COVID-19 Variants CDC.gov New mutant strain of new coronavirus detected in returnees from Brazil (Japan) 1/2021 New SARS-CoV-2 Variant Discovered In Japan Nearly Identical To Dangerous Brazilian Variant 2/2021 New Study Sheds Light on Clinical Significance of "Mutant" SARS-CoV-2 From the United Kingdom 2/2021 New virus variant detected in India; experts urge caution 3/2021 Nigerian scientist studies country's coronavirus variant 1/2021 No evidence for increased transmissibility from recurrent mutations in SARS-CoV-2 11/2020 People Are Talking About A 'Double Mutant' Variant In India. What Does That Mean? 4/2021 Phylogenomic analysis of COVID-19 summer and winter outbreaks in Hong Kong: An observational study Lancet.com 3/2021 Rapid Emergence and Epidemiologic Characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.526 Variant - New York City, New York, January 1-April 5, 2021 5/2021 MMWR Rapid Increase in Circulation of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant - Mesa County, Colorado, April-June 2021 8/2021 MMWR SARS-CoV-2: British variant is 45 percent more contagious than the original virus, study finds 4/2021 SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.526 emerging in the New York region detected by software utility created to query the spike mutational landscape 2/2021 Pre-Print SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines and the Growing Threat of Viral Variants 1/2021 JAMA SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.617 gives the immune system a hard time. Study with cell cultures shows that the mutant is less well inhibited by antibodies 7/2021 Sensitivity of infectious SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants to neutralizing antibodies 3/2021 Should We Be Concerned About the Lambda Variant? With its novel mutations, the variant first identified in Peru is being watched closely 7/2021 Southern California Is Origin of New COVID-19 Variant 2/2021 Spike Mutants from SARS-CoV-2 Variant B.1.1.7 The coronavirus has mutated and appears to be more contagious now, new study finds 5/2020 The Coronavirus Is Mutating. What Does That Mean for Us? Officials in Britain and South Africa claim new variants are more easily transmitted. There's a lot more to the story, scientists say. 12/2020 The COVID-19 Delta Variant: What to Know 6/2021 The Delta Variant Isn't Just Hyper-Contagious. It Also Grows More Rapidly Inside You 7/2021 The effects of virus variants on COVID-19 vaccines 3/2021 The Gamma Variant's Rise in Washington State - New data show COVID strain associated with the highest number of hospitalizations, deaths 7/2021 The Nature of the Virus to Mutate: Mapping the Spread of a Deadly Disease The new UK coronavirus mutations, explained 12/2020 Rise of Variants in Europe Shows How Dangerous the Virus Can Be 4/2021 SARS-CoV-2 variants from minks evade inhibition by antibodies 4/2021 The Delta Variant Will Drive A Steep Rise In U.S. COVID Deaths, A New Model Shows 7/2021 The U.K. Coronavirus Variant: What We Know 12/2020 The worst variant yet? Everything you need to know about Delta. Lots to learn about the dominant variant. 8/2021 There's a new coronavirus variant in the UK. Here's what we know. 12/2020 This Is How Bad Uncontrolled Delta Spread Could Get in the U.S.
"It is one of the most infectious respiratory viruses we know of, and that I have seen in my 20-year career." 7/2021 Tracking the Evolution of a "Variant of Concern" in Brazil 4/2021 Unraveling the Mysterious Mutations That Make Delta the Most Transmissible Covid Virus Yet 7/2021 U.S. Is Blind to Contagious New Virus Variant, Scientists Warn. It's not too late to curb the contagious variant's spread in the U.S., experts say — but only with a national program for genetic sequencing. 1/202<"> 1 Vaccine-induced antibodies may be less effective against several new SARS-CoV-2 variants 3/2021 Vaccines Are Effective Against the New York Variant, Studies Find 4/2021 Variant B.1.1.7 of COVID-19 associated with a significantly higher mortality rate, research shows 3/2021 Variants of Variants Seen In COVID-Ravaged Brazil 3/2021 Vietnam detects a suspected new coronavirus variant that's a hybrid of the UK and India strains 6/2021 Vietnam detects new UK-Indian variant, health officials say 5/2021 Virus that causes COVID-19 can find alternate route to infect cells. COVID-19 drugs, vaccines still effective against mutating virus 6/2021 Virus Variant First Found in Britain Now Spreading Rapidly in U.S. A new study bolsters the prediction by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that the so-called B.1.1.7 variant will dominate Covid-19 cases by March. 1/2021 Virus variant found in S. Africa may resist antibodies 1/2021 Virus Variant in Brazil Infected Many Who Had Already Recovered From Covid-19. The first detailed studies of the so-called P.1 variant show how it devastated a Brazilian city. Now scientists want to know what it will do elsewhere. 3/2021 Virus Variants Threaten to Draw Out the Pandemic, Scientists Say 4/2021 We may finally know why the delta variant of coronavirus is so infectious 7/2021 What Doctors Should Know About Delta - Here's the latest on transmissibility, virulence, vaccine efficacy, and more 6/2021 What's Going On With All These Coronavirus Variants? An Illustrated Guide 2/2021 What scientists know about new, fast-spreading coronavirus variants .Key questions remain about how quickly B.1.617 variants can spread, their potential to evade immunity and how they might affect the course of the pandemic. 5/2021 What the US knows about the three primary COVID-19 variants 2/2021 What's This About Delta Being 1,000 Times More Infectious? Here's where that frightening figure comes from 7/2021 What to Know About the Delta and Delta Plus Coronavirus Variants 7/8/2021 Why scientists are talking about viral load and the delta variant
What sets delta apart, experts say, is how much virus is produced by those who are infected — a measure known as viral load. 8/2021 Worried About Coronavirus Variants? Here's What You Need To Know 3/2021 Why Virus Variants Have Such Weird Names. B.1.351 may sound sweet to a molecular epidemiologist, but what's the alternative, other than stigmatizing geographical names? 3/2021 Why Scientists Are Very Worried About The Variant From Brazil 1/2021 Worrisome New Coronavirus Strains Are Emerging. Why Now? Across the globe, SARS-CoV-2 is evolving ways to evade the immune system and become more infectious. Blown pandemic response plans are to blame. 1/2021 Yale doctor weighs in on new report showing 2 COVID variants have merged into heavily-mutated hybrid virus 2/2021
Back to Table of Contents
Case Definition
VIDEO
Graphic source: https://www.ccjm.org/content/early/2020/12/01/ccjm.87a.ccc066
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2773338
Graphic source: https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/927860
Graphic source: PriMed
Back to Table of Contents
Contact Tracing
Graphic source for 3: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-sector/our-insights/contact-tracing-for-covid-19-new-considerations-for-its-practical-application
As the Virus Surged, Florida Partied. Tracking the Revelers Has Been Tough. 7/2020. With the coronavirus exploding, trying to trace the contacts of every positive case has become unrealistic in Florida, especially among elusive partygoers. Contact Tracing Apps GAO.gov Contact Tracing during Coronavirus Disease Outbreak, South Korea, 2020 11/2020 Contact Tracing Contact tracing is key to slowing the spread of COVID-19 and helps keep you, your family, and your community safe. Contact Tracing CDC.gov Contact Tracing Part of a Multipronged Approach to Fight the COVID-19 Pandemic Contact Tracing Is Failing in Many States. Here's Why. 7/2020 Contact Tracing: What We Can Learn From Outbreaks In Other Countries To Fight the Coronavirus | NPR via @YouTube Contact tracing, explained Contact tracing for COVID-19: New considerations for its practical application 5/2020 Escaping the coronavirus lockdown with test and trace. 4/2020 Epidemiologists believe that if it is properly employed, testing and tracing can allow the U.S. to open some businesses and relax social distancing requirements. Exposures Before Issuance of Stay-at-Home Orders Among Persons with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Colorado, March 2020 6/2020 MMWR Health Departments: Interim Guidance on Developing a COVID-19 Case Investigation & Contact Tracing Plan Identification and Monitoring of International Travelers During the Initial Phase of an Outbreak of COVID-19; California, February 3-March 17, 2020 MMWR 5/2020
Back to Table of Contents
Disease Distribution
SARS-CoV-2 introductions to U.S. and Europe. Credit: Modified from Worobey M, Science, 2020. (Source: 9/22/2020 NIH Director's Blog)
Percentage of people in communities across the United States infected by the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19 as of December 2020. Credit: Pei S, Nature, 2021.
Graphic source: https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2021/09/07/covid-19-infected-many-more-americans-in-2020-than-official-tallies-show/
Graphic source: https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20210824/covid-cases-in-children-soar
Graphic source: https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/1533546/A_Detailed_Study_of_Patients_with_Long_Haul_COVID__An_Analysis_of_Private_Health.pdf?p=pdf
Graphic source: https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/1533546/A_Detailed_Study_of_Patients_with_Long_Haul_COVID__An_Analysis_of_Private_Health.pdf?p=pdf
Graphic source: https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/1533546/A_Detailed_Study_of_Patients_with_Long_Haul_COVID__An_Analysis_of_Private_Health.pdf?p=pdf
Graphic source: https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/1533546/A_Detailed_Study_of_Patients_with_Long_Haul_COVID__An_Analysis_of_Private_Health.pdf?p=pdf
Graphic source: https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/1533546/A_Detailed_Study_of_Patients_with_Long_Haul_COVID__An_Analysis_of_Private_Health.pdf?p=pdf
Graphic source: https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/12/10/almost-one-in-five-americans-may-have-been-infected-with-covid-19
Graphic Source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6939e4.htm
Graphic Source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6939e4.htm
Graphic Source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6939e4.htm
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/08/31/us/coronavirus-cases-children.html
COVID-19 incidence among school-aged children aged 5-11 years (N = 101,503) and 12-17 years (N = 175,782), by week - United States, March 1-September 19, 2020
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6939e2.htm
Percentage of SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests with positive results and test volume, by week for school-aged children aged 5-11 years and 12-17 years - United States, May 3-September 19, 2020
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6939e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/06/16/age-of-covid-19-cases-dropping-in-california/
Graphic source; https://www.statista.com/chart/21173/hospitalization-icu-admission-and-fatality-rates-for-reported-coronavirus-cases/
Back to Table of Contents
Disease Process
frhb
Graphic source: https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/understanding-sars-cov-2-antibody-binding
The Process of How SARS-CoV-2 Infects the Host
Graphic source: https://www.acrobiosystems.com/A1213-The-Process-of-How-SARS-CoV-2-Infects-the-Host.html
Graphic source: https://media.primeinc.org/upload/programs/54BQ2021/Assessing%20COVID-19%20Disease%20Severity%20and%20Identifying%20Risk%20Factors%20for%20Disease%20Progression.pdf
Graphic source: https://earthsky.org/human-world/does-coronavirus-linger-in-body-immune-system-covid
Graphic source: https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.2020201629
Graphic source; https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2768391
ACE2 is the target for the novel coronavirus
Graphic source: https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad200581
Graphic source: https://hms.harvard.edu/news/how-covid-19-causes-loss-smell
NeuroCovid Stages
Graphic source: https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad200581
Scheme of the effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in obese individuals.
Graphic source: https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(20)30477-8/fulltext
Graphic source: https://www.livescience.com/covid-19-superspreader-singing.html (Image credit: Nicholas Forder)
AGE WELL: On average, as this chart reveals, chronic diseases increase with aging, which makes the elderly more susceptible to COVID-19. This deadly combination is a stark reminder, again, of doing our best to stay healthy.
Graphic course: http://nautil.us/issue/84/outbreak/how-covid_19-picks-on-the-weakened. Aging and the Epidemiology of Multi-morbidity
Biologist: Sharing Enclosed Space Leads To Massive Spread Of Coronavirus 5/2020 Coronavirus 101: What you need to know - Our understanding of COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus, is evolving daily-but we do know some important basics. 3/2020 NATGEO Coronavirus Explained: What it does to your body that makes it so deadly 4/2020 Coronavirus: pathogen could have been spreading in humans for years, study says 3/2020 Covid-19:Viral Shedding From Virus Can Be Prolonged, But Infection Window is Not 11/2020 Does coronavirus linger in the body? 8/2020 Duration of Isolation and Precautions for Adults with COVID-19 8/2020 Even 'mild' Covid-19 can be a lengthy, challenging illness 10/2020 Everest climbers could have spread 'potentially more infectious AND vaccine resistant' Nepal Covid variant across the world after it was first found in THIRTEEN travelers on flights from Himalaya to Japan 6/2021 First Molecular Profiles of Severe COVID-19 Infections 6/2020 NIH.gov Here's Exactly How the New Coronavirus Affects Your Body 1/2020 How a SARS-CoV-2 infection can become severe COVID-19 2/2022 How scientists know COVID-19 is way deadlier than the flu 7/2020 Natgeo How COVID-19 Picks on the Weakened: The wrath of the coronavirus. 3/2020 How The Coronavirus Attacks Your Lungs | Deep Look via @YouTube How the Coronavirus Could Take Over Your Body (Before You Ever Feel It) 3/2020 If You Squeeze the Coronavirus, Does It Shatter? Scientists are exploring the physics of viruses, to understand how these pathogens assemble themselves — and might be rent apart. 1/2021 Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand 3/2020 It's Not Whether You Were Exposed to the Virus. It's How Much. 5/2020 The pathogen is proving a familiar adage: The dose makes the poison. Mild Covid-19 Linked to Increased Inflammation in Cells Months Later, Study Finds 3/2022
Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) A Review 7/2020 Portrait of a virus 8/2020 Preliminary Estimates of the Prevalence of Selected Underlying Health Conditions Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019-United States, February 12-March 28, 2020 3/2020 SARS-CoV-2 infects cells via specific viral entry factors, Viral entry factors are more abundant in elderly, men and smokers 3/2021 Scientists are trying to figure why Covid-19 hits some young, healthy people hard 4/2020 Solving a medical mystery and changing CDC screenings for COVID-19 What we learned from the first known community-acquired coronavirus case in the US 3/2020 The coronavirus at 1: A year into the pandemic, what scientists know about how it spreads, infects, and sickens 12/2020 Understanding SARS-CoV-2 antibody binding 10/2021 Why Covid-19 is worse than the flu, in one chart 3/2020 Why COVID-19 kills some people and spares others. Here's what scientists are finding. 6/2020 Younger Adults Are Increasingly Testing Positive For The Coronavirus 6/2020
Co-infection
Reinfection
Back to Table of Contents
Disease Severity
VIDEO
Graphic source: https://media.primeinc.org/upload/programs/54BQ2021/Assessing%20COVID-19%20Disease%20Severity%20and%20Identifying%20Risk%20Factors%20for%20Disease%20Progression.pdf
Vulnerable Populations
Graphic source: https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20200602/vulnerable-groups-weigh-risks-as-country-reopens
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp2009249
Back to Table of Contents
Disease Statistics
Graphic source:
https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2022/03/03/the-changing-political-geography-of-covid-19-over-the-last-two-years/
Graphic source:
https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2022/03/03/the-changing-political-geography-of-covid-19-over-the-last-two-years/
Graphic source:
https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2022/03/03/the-changing-political-geography-of-covid-19-over-the-last-two-years/
Graphic source:
https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2022/03/03/the-changing-political-geography-of-covid-19-over-the-last-two-years/
Epidemic Curve of the Confirmed Cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2762130
Graphic source: statista.com/chart/21547/cumulative-covid-19-cases-in-the-us/
Back to Table of Contents
Hospitalization Statistics
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7111e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7106e2.htm
January 22, 2022
Map source: https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/hospital-icu-stress-level-tracker-n1287375
Graphic source: https://cdn.mdedge.com/files/s3fs-public/JHM01607_Sabbatini15370721e.PDF
Map source: https://finance.yahoo.com/news/delta-variant-unvaccinated-and-vaccinated-people-are-not-in-the-same-ballpark-in-terms-of-risk-141843308.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7036e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7036e1.htm
Graphic source: https://media.primeinc.org/upload/programs/54BQ2021/Assessing%20COVID-19%20Disease%20Severity%20and%20Identifying%20Risk%20Factors%20for%20Disease%20Progression.pdf
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7023e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/reports/GAO-21-191/#Highlights
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6945e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6924e2.htm
Graphic source: https://time.com/5867751/bars-covid/
Graphic source: https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/slide/in-medicare-black-and-hispanic-individuals-account-for-disproportionate-share-of-covid-19-cases-and-hospitalizations/
Graphic source: https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/931633
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/older-adults.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6925e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/22018/coronavirus-pre-existing-conditions/
COVID-NET Laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 hospitalizations CDC.gov Average charge for COVID-19 hospitalization, by state 10/2021 Characteristics Associated with Hospitalization Among Patients with COVID-19 - Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, March-April 2020 6/2020 Characteristics of Adult Outpatients and Inpatients with COVID-19 - 11 Academic Medical Centers, United States, March-May 2020 6/2020 Characteristics of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients Discharged and Experiencing Same-Hospital Readmission - United States, March-August 2020. MMWR 11/2020 Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes Among Adults Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection During Periods of B.1.617.2 (Delta) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant Predominance - One Hospital, California, July 15-September 23, 2021, and December 21, 2021-January 27, 2022 2/2022 MMWR Clinical Outcomes in Young US Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19 9/2020
Coronavirus Disease 2019 Case Surveillance; United States, January 22-May 30, 2020 MMWR 6/2020 COVID-19 Claims Data Reveal Real-World Tx Costs; Median sticker prices in the low-middle five figures; "allowed amounts" around $20,000 7/2020 COVID-NET Laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 hospitalizations CDC.gov COVID-19: Healthcare Disparities 6/2020 COVID-19 hospitalizations analysis shows disparities across racial and ethnic groups 8/2020 COVID-19-Related Hospitalizations in Nine States, by Race/Ethnicity, 2020 3/2021 AHRQ.gov COVID Hospitalizations Soared With Delta - Delta variant twice as likely to land patients in hospital versus Alpha variant in U.K. study 8/2021 C.D.C. Releases Early Demographic Snapshot of Worst Coronavirus Cases 4/2020 Decreases in COVID-19 Cases, Emergency Department Visits, Hospital Admissions, and Deaths Among Older Adults Following the Introduction of COVID-19 Vaccine - United States, September 6, 2020-May 1, 2021 6/2021 MMWR Excess Mortality Among Patients Hospitalized During the COVID-19 Pandemic 7/2021 Hospitalizations Associated with COVID-19 Among Children and Adolescents - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1, 2020-August 14, 2021 9/2021 MMWR Hospitalization of Adolescents Aged 12-17 Years with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1, 2020-April 24, 2021 6/2021 Hospitalization of Infants and Children Aged 0–4 Years with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 2020-February 2022 3/2022 MMWR Hospitalization Rates and Characteristics of Patients Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1-30, 2020 4/2020 Hospitalizations of Children and Adolescents with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 -COVID-NET, 14 States, July 2021-January 2022 2/2022 MMWR Key Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients 7/2020 Nearly All Patients Hospitalized With Covid-19 Had Chronic Health Issues, Study Finds Only 6 percent of patients at one New York area health system had no chronic conditions. Hypertension, obesity and diabetes were common. 4/2020 Pandemic predictions are tricky. Except this one: U.S. hospitals are not ready for the new normal 2/2022 Researchers reveal substantial disparities in COVID-19 hospitalization and death rates among New York City boroughs 4/2020 Severe Outcomes Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) -United States, February 12-March 16, 2020 3/2020 Studies Point To Big Drop In COVID-19 Death Rates 10/2020 Trends in COVID-19 Cases, Emergency Department Visits, and Hospital Admissions Among Children and Adolescents Aged 0-17 Years - United States, August 2020-August 2021 9/2021 MMWR Trends in Racial and Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Hospitalizations, by Region - United States, March-December 2020 4/2021 MMWR Unvaccinated COVID-19 hospitalizations cost the U.S. health system billions of dollars 8/2021 U.S. COVID hospitalizations hit new record high, raising risks for patients 1/2022
Back to Table of Contents
Life Expectancy
IMG SRC="BG2021/NCHS-COVID-lifeexpectancy.jpg" width=800 Alt="COVID shortens life expectancy">
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsrr/vsrr015-508.pdf
Back to Table of Contents
Potential Life Lost
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-pandemic-related-excess-mortality-and-potential-years-of-life-lost-in-the-u-s-and-peer-countries/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-pandemic-related-excess-mortality-and-potential-years-of-life-lost-in-the-u-s-and-peer-countries/
Back to Table of Contents
Prevalence Statistics
Percentage of people in communities across the United States infected by the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19 as of December 2020. Credit: Pei S, Nature, 2021.
Graphic source: https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2021/09/07/covid-19-infected-many-more-americans-in-2020-than-official-tallies-show/
Daily new confirmed COVID-19 cases per million people, Dec 9, 2020
The number of confirmed cases is lower than the number of actual cases; the main reason for that is limited
testing.
Graphic source: https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus-data-explorer?tab=map&zoomToSelection=true&country=GBR~USA~ESP~ITA~BRA~IND~KOR®ion=World&casesMetric=true&interval=daily&hideControls=true&perCapita=true&smoothing=0&pickerMetric=location&pickerSort=asc
Model-based estimates of U.S. prevalence (A) and number (B) of adults aged ≥18 years with any selected underlying medical condition, by county United States, 2018
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6929a1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6929e1.htm
Nationwide COVID-19 Infection-Induced Antibody Seroprevalence (Commercial laboratories) 2/2022 Commercial Laboratory Seroprevalence Survey Data 7/2020 Comparison of seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infections with cumulative and imputed COVID-19 cases: Systematic review 4/2021 COVID-19 Infected Many More Americans in 2020 than Official Tallies Show 9/2021 NIH.gov COVID-19 Infections Underestimated From Sea to Shining Sea; Large serosurvey reinforces two ideas: most infections are asymptomatic, and herd immunity remains a distant goal 7/2020 Estimated County-Level Prevalence of Selected Underlying Medical Conditions Associated with Increased Risk for Severe COVID-19 Illness; United States, 2018 MMWR 7/2020 Mapping a Pandemic: SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity in the United States 1/2021 Preprint Population Point Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Based on a Statewide Random Sample Indiana, April 25-29, 2020 MMWR 7/2020 Seroprevalence Estimates of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Convenience Sample Oregon, May 11-June 15, 2020 MMWR 8/2020 Seroprevalence of Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in 10 Sites in the United States, March 23-May 12, 2020 7/2020 Seroprevalence of Infection-Induced SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies — United States, September 2021–February 2022 4/2022 MMWR Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Among Frontline Health Care Personnel in a Multistate Hospital Network - 13 Academic Medical Centers, April-June 2020 MMWR 8/2020
Back to Table of Contents
Death Statistics
Graphic source:
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2794043
Graphic source:
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2794043
Graphic source: May 15, 2022 New York Times Cover
Graphic source: https://www.statnews.com/2022/05/10/the-five-pandemics-driving-1-million-u-s-covid-deaths/
Graphic source: https://www.statnews.com/2022/05/10/the-five-pandemics-driving-1-million-u-s-covid-deaths/
Graphic source: https://www.statnews.com/2022/05/10/the-five-pandemics-driving-1-million-u-s-covid-deaths/
Graphic source: https://www.statnews.com/2022/05/10/the-five-pandemics-driving-1-million-u-s-covid-deaths/
Graphic source: https://www.statnews.com/2022/05/10/the-five-pandemics-driving-1-million-u-s-covid-deaths/
Graphic source: https://www.statnews.com/2022/05/10/the-five-pandemics-driving-1-million-u-s-covid-deaths/
Graphic source: https://www.statnews.com/2022/05/10/the-five-pandemics-driving-1-million-u-s-covid-deaths/
Graphic source: https://www.statnews.com/2022/05/10/the-five-pandemics-driving-1-million-u-s-covid-deaths/
Graphic source: https://www.statnews.com/2022/05/10/the-five-pandemics-driving-1-million-u-s-covid-deaths/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-leading-cause-of-death-ranking/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-leading-cause-of-death-ranking/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-leading-cause-of-death-ranking/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-continues-to-be-a-leading-cause-of-death-in-the-u-s-in-august-2021/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-continues-to-be-a-leading-cause-of-death-in-the-u-s-in-august-2021/
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7014e1.htm
VIDEO
VIDEO
Graphic source: https://usafacts.org/articles/summer-covid-19-cases-and-deaths-in-five-charts/
Graphic source: https://usafacts.org/articles/summer-covid-19-cases-and-deaths-in-five-charts/
Graphic source: https://usafacts.org/articles/summer-covid-19-cases-and-deaths-in-five-charts/
Graphic source: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/06/16/americans-lost-more-years-of-life-to-covid-19-in-2020-than-to-all-accidents-combined-in-a-typical-year/
Graphic source: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/06/16/americans-lost-more-years-of-life-to-covid-19-in-2020-than-to-all-accidents-combined-in-a-typical-year/
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/06/16/world/covid-vaccine-coronavirus-mask
June 16, 2021 - US - 600,000 deaths from COVID-19
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/06/16/world/covid-vaccine-coronavirus-mask
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2778234
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7014e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/coronavirus-leading-through-the-crisis/charting-the-path-to-the-next-normal/in-2020-covid-19-deaths-were-eight-times-greater-than-a-typical-flu-season
U.S. on Sunday, February 21, 2021, hit the half-a-million mark for the number of lives claimed by Covid-19.
Every dot on our 500,000 lives lost map represents a person who has died from the virus in the U.S., beginning with the first reported death on Feb. 29, 2020.
@NBCNews
Graphic source: Washington Post Coronavirus Update
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/reports/GAO-21-191/#Highlights
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/reports/GAO-21-191/#Highlights
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2771761
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/reports/GAO-20-708/
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/bettycjung/status/1286716769441320960
Graphic source: https://www.axios.com/axios-ipsos-coronavirus-week-8-5a1947d5-9850-4e58-9583-9b617e6fdc1b.html
Graphic source: https://www.theigc.org/blog/why-we-dont-know-the-real-number-of-covid-19-deaths-in-africa/
The 'five pandemics' driving 1 million U.S. Covid deaths 5/2022 Association Between Caseload Surge and COVID-19 Survival in 558 U.S. Hospitals, March to August 2020 ACP.org COVID-19 Forecasts: Deaths CDC.gov COVID-19 leading cause of death ranking KFF.org 300,000 Deaths By December? 9 Takeaways From The Newest COVID-19 Projections 8/2020 Provisional Death Counts for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Provisional Mortality Data - United States, 2020 4/2021 MMWR Assessment of Deaths From COVID-19 and From Seasonal Influenza 5/2020
Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy 3/2020 Coronavirus Has Now Killed More Americans Than Vietnam War 4/2020 David Oliver: The medical examiner role could transform our approach to handling death 8/2020 Death Rates Have Dropped for Seriously Ill Covid Patients 10/2020 Explained: Why India's Covid-19 deaths are spiking even as cases go down 5/2021 Excess Deaths Associated with COVID-19 NVSS 4/2020
Excess Deaths From COVID-19 and Other Causes, March-July 2020 JAMA 10/2020 Excess Deaths From COVID-19 and Other Causes in the US, March 1, 2020, to January 2, 2021 JAMA 4/2021 How many Covid deaths are acceptable? Some Biden officials tried to guess. Conversations about what Americans would tolerate didn't go too far, underscoring the difficulty of explaining when the pandemic will end. 6/2022
Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load on Risk of Intubation and Mortality Among Hospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 7/2020 Just How Much Was 2020 an Outlier for Deaths? Setting cause aside, death numbers were "massive" compared with 2019 4/2021 Making up 1 million deaths: Where Covid killed 5/2022 Nearly all COVID deaths in US are now among unvaccinated 6/2021 One-Third of All U.S. Coronavirus Deaths Are Nursing Home Residents or Workers 5/2020 Provisional Death Counts for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) 4/2020 Provisional Mortality Data - United States, 2020 3/2021 MMWR Race, Ethnicity, and Age Trends in Persons Who Died from COVID-19 - United States, May-August 2020. MMWR 10/2020 The Leading Causes of Death in the US for 2020 3/2021 JAMA Two Coasts. One Virus. How New York Suffered Nearly 10 Times the Number of Deaths as California. 5/2020 Vaccinations Against COVID-19 May Have Averted Up To 140,000 Deaths In The United States 8/2021
Vaccination Efficacy
Graphic source: https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2022/07/07/americans-reflect-on-nations-covid-19-response/
Graphic source: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-to-compare-covid-deaths-for-vaccinated-and-unvaccinated-people/
Graphic source: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-to-compare-covid-deaths-for-vaccinated-and-unvaccinated-people/
Graphic source: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-to-compare-covid-deaths-for-vaccinated-and-unvaccinated-people/
Graphic source: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/05/13/1098071284/this-is-how-many-lives-could-have-been-saved-with-covid-vaccinations-in-each-sta
Graphic source: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/05/13/1098071284/this-is-how-many-lives-could-have-been-saved-with-covid-vaccinations-in-each-sta
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid19-and-other-leading-causes-of-death-in-the-us/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid19-and-other-leading-causes-of-death-in-the-us/
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7116e1.htm
Graphic source:
https://www.statnews.com/2022/04/06/tracking-fda-advisory-panel-meeting-covid-19-vaccines-boosters/
Graphic source:
https://www.statnews.com/2022/04/06/tracking-fda-advisory-panel-meeting-covid-19-vaccines-boosters/
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7112e2.htm
Graphic source: https://ourworldindata.org/covid-deaths-by-vaccination
Graphic source: https://ourworldindata.org/covid-deaths-by-vaccination
Age-adjusted rolling 14-day SARS-CoV-2 cumulative incidence (A) and hospitalization rates (B), by vaccination status - Los Angeles County, California, November 7, 2021-January 8, 2022
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7105e1.htm
Age-adjusted rolling 14-day SARS-CoV-2–associated incidence rate ratios* (A) and hospitalization rate ratios (B), by vaccination status - Los Angeles County, California, November 7, 2021-January 8, 2022
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7105e1.htm
Graphic source: January 31, 2022 NY TImes
Graphic source: January 31, 2022 NY TImes
Graphic source: https://www.vox.com/22894978/covid-19-vaccine-lives-saved-deaths-avoided-omicron-chart
Graphic source: https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/booster-shots-effective-severe-illness-omicron-rcna13038
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7104e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7104e2.htm
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/bettycjung/status/1482900702313820165
Graphic source: https://informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/covid-19-coronavirus-infographic-datapack/
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7102e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/characteristics-of-vaccinated-patients-hospitalized-with-covid-19-breakthrough-infections/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/characteristics-of-vaccinated-patients-hospitalized-with-covid-19-breakthrough-infections/
Graphic source:
https://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/2021/dec/01/intermountain-official-warns-of-continued-protective-measures-vaccination-due-to-omicron/
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/26159/covid-cases-us-age-group-vaccination-status/
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/CDCgov/status/1464277862328979465
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/
Graphic source: October 28, 2021 NY Times COVID Briefing
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7043e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.medpagetoday.com/special-reports/exclusives/95119
Graphic source: https://ctnewsjunkie.com/2021/10/06/study-says-vaccinations-prevented-death-in-connecticut/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/unvaccinated-covid-patients-cost-the-u-s-health-system-billions-of-dollars/
Graphic source: https://ctnewsjunkie.com/2021/09/03/a-high-price-hospital-association-assesses-cost-of-care-for-unvaccinated/
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7037e1.htm
Graphic source: https://usafacts.org/articles/summer-covid-19-cases-and-deaths-in-five-charts/
Graphic source: July 19, 2021 New York Times
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7023e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/unvaccinated-covid-patients-cost-the-u-s-health-system-billions-of-dollars/
Americans Reflect on Nation’s COVID-19 Response 7/2022 How to Compare COVID Deaths for Vaccinated and Unvaccinated People. The death rate among unvaccinated people is still far higher than that among the vaccinated even though vaccinated people now make up a significant proportion of deaths 6/2022 COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Monthly Update 5/2022 This is how many lives could have been saved with COVID vaccinations in each state 5/2022 Costs of going unvaccinated in America are mounting for workers and companies 3/2022 COVID-19-Associated Hospitalizations Among Adults During SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron Variant Predominance, by Race/Ethnicity and Vaccination Status - COVID-NET, 14 States, July 2021-January 2022 3/2022 MMWR Covid booster shots effective against severe illness from omicron, CDC studies say
Three studies released Friday by the CDC underscore the importance of a third dose to help keep Covid-19 patients out of the hospital. 1/2022 COVID-19 mortality preventable by vaccines 4/2022 COVID Vaccine Recipients Also Less Likely to Die of Other Causes - Study found downstream health effect for vaccination 10/2021 COVID-19 breakthrough hospitalizations 12/2021 COVID-19 Cases and Hospitalizations by COVID-19 Vaccination Status and Previous COVID-19 Diagnosis - California and New York, May-November 2021 1/2022 MMWR COVID-19 Incidence and Death Rates Among Unvaccinated and Fully Vaccinated Adults with and Without Booster Doses During Periods of Delta and Omicron Variant Emergence - 25 U.S. Jurisdictions, April 4-December 25, 2021 1/2022 MMWR Effectiveness of a Third Dose of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines in Preventing COVID-19 Hospitalization Among Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Adults - United States, August-December 2021 1/2022 Effectiveness of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA Vaccination Against Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Among Persons Aged 12-18 Years - United States, July-December 2021 1/2022 MMWR Effectiveness of a Third Dose of mRNA Vaccines Against COVID-19-Associated Emergency Department and Urgent Care Encounters and Hospitalizations Among Adults During Periods of Delta and Omicron Variant Predominance - VISION Network, 10 States, August 2021–January 2022 1/2022 MMWR Estimated Number of COVID-19 Infections, Hospitalizations, and Deaths Prevented Among Vaccinated Persons in the US, December 2020 to September 2021 7/2022 JAMA Here's How Many U.S. Deaths COVID Vaccines Prevented CDC estimates 1.6 million hospitalizations and over 200,000 deaths averted through fall 2021 7/2022 How likely is COVID-19 hospitalization for vaccinated Americans?
Many vaccinated Americans have become infected with COVID-19, especially during the Omicron surge. But vaccination has made hospitalization much rarer. 2/2022 Omicron Hospitalizations Up to 23 Times Higher for the Unvaccinated - Boosters conferred the most protection, California data showed 2/2022 Rates of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths by Vaccination Status CDC.gov Rates of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 hospitalizations by vaccination status COVID.cdc.gov A High Price: Hospital Association Assesses Cost of Care for Unvaccinated 9/2021 CDC Now Reports COVID Cases and Deaths by Vax Status - New tool also reveals numeric differences between vaccines 10/2021
Comparative Effectiveness of Moderna, Pfizer-BioNTech, and Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) Vaccines in Preventing COVID-19 Hospitalizations Among Adults Without Immunocompromising Conditions - United States, March-August 2021 9/2021 MMWR COVID-19 Vaccination and Non-COVID-19 Mortality Risk - Seven Integrated Health Care Organizations, United States, December 14, 2020-July 31, 2021 10/2021 MMWR Delta variant: Unvaccinated and vaccinated people 'are not in the same ballpark' of risk, doctor explains 9/2021 Effectiveness of 2, 3, and 4 COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Doses Among Immunocompetent Adults During Periods when SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2/BA.2.12.1 Sublineages Predominated - VISION Network, 10 States, December 2021–June 2022 7/2022 Impact of population mixing between vaccinated and unvaccinated subpopulations on infectious disease dynamics: implications for SARS-CoV-2 transmission 4/2022 Canadian Medical Association Journal Intermountain official warns of continued protective measures, vaccination due to omicron 12/2021 Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Among Adults Hospitalized with COVID-19-Like Illness with Infection-Induced or mRNA Vaccine-Induced SARS-CoV-2 Immunity - Nine States, January-September 2021 10/2021 MMWR Monitoring Incidence of COVID-19 Cases, Hospitalizations, and Deaths, by Vaccination Status - 13 U.S. Jurisdictions, April 4-July 17, 2021 9/2021 MMWR Most COVID-19 Infections and Hospitalizations are in Unvaccinated 5/2021 New COVID-19 Cases and Hospitalizations Among Adults, by Vaccination Status - New York, May 3-July 25, 2021 8/2021
Rates of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths by Vaccination Status Rates of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 hospitalizations by vaccination status CDC.gov SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Hospitalization Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years, by Vaccination Status, Before and During SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant Predominance — Los Angeles County, California, November 7, 2021–January 8, 2022 2/2022 MMWR States ranked by percentage of population fully vaccinated: Jan. 14 1/2022 Study Says Vaccinations Prevented Deaths In Connecticut 10/2021 The effectiveness of vaccination against long COVID: A rapid evidence briefing 2/2022 The Unvaccinated Drive COVID-19 Infections in the U.S. 11/2021 Tracking an FDA advisory panel meeting on Covid-19 vaccines and boosters 4/2022 Unvaccinated COVID-19 hospitalizations cost billions of dollars 9/2021 Unvaccinated People Create Higher Risk for Vaccinated, Study Says 4/2022 University of Toronto Unvaccinated People Increase Risk Of Covid Infection Among Vaccinated, Study Finds 4/2022 Vaccinated Have Lower Heart, Stroke Risk From COVID - Korean nationwide data support yet another benefit of being fully vaccinated 7/2022 Vaccinations Cut U.S. COVID Deaths by 58%: Study 7/2022
Back to Table of Contents
Statistics Issues COVID-19 Test Reporting
COVID-19 Vaccination Reporting
Back to Table of Contents
Data Reporting
As COVID Data Collection Moves From CDC to HHS, Questions Mount - Administration says new process will be more efficient; but public health community fears disruption, manipulation 7/2020 As Schools Weigh Reopening, Dearth of Data on COVID in Kids; Age groupings vary by state, children under-tested: "It's a mess" 7/2020 Assessment of the CDC's New COVID-19 Data Reporting Version 1.0, May 18, 2020 Claiming confusion, Texas Medical Center changes how it reports ICU capacity amid COVID-19 6/2020 Covid data disappearing in some states even as delta surges. As Covid case numbers rise nationwide, Georgia and some other states have restricted the case count data they share publicly. 8/2021 Covid-19 in the US: We're not getting full value from our data 7/2020 BMJ opinion Does Green on COVID-19 Maps Mean What You Think? COVID-19 “heat maps” are intended to help the public evaluate health risks during the pandemic. But the guidelines the CDC and other institutions use to create these maps can lead to confusion. Two linguistic anthropologists help make sense of what these maps really mean.
3/2022 Florida scientist says she was fired for refusing to change Covid-19 data to support reopen plan. 5/2020. Dr Rebekah Jones says she was fired from Department of Health by the governor after protesting order to censor information I'm looking for the truth: States face criticism for COVID-19 data cover-ups 5/2020 Johns Hopkins's coronavirus tracker has become a gold standard, but its creators say many miss the real story 6/2020 Many States Are Not Reporting The Latest COVID-19 Numbers 9/2021 Nation's latest COVID-19 wave largely hidden from view, health experts say. 'There's a lot of COVID out there,' one expert acknowledged. 5/2022 Nursing Homes Shocked at 'Insanely Wrong' CMS Data on COVID-19 6/2020 One facility supposedly had eight coronavirus deaths for each bed Omicron wave prompts media to rethink which data to report 1/2022 States Pull Back on Covid Data Even Amid Delta Surge 8/2021 KHN.org Woman who designed Florida's COVID-19 dashboard has been removed from her position 5/2020
Back to Table of Contents
Death Statistics Issues
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-01245-6
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00104-8
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00104-8
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/WHO/status/1522195970825535488/photo/1
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/WHO/status/1522210454113714176/photo/1
Graphic source: https://www.bbc.com/news/health-61327778
Graphic source: https://www.bbc.com/news/health-61327778
Graphic source: https://www.bbc.com/news/health-61327778
Figure 2Global distribution of estimated excess mortality rate due to the COVID-19 pandemic, for the cumulative period 2020–21
Map source: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)02796-3/fulltext
Figure 4Global distribution of the ratio between estimated excess mortality rate due to the COVID-19 pandemic and reported COVID-19 mortality rate, for the cumulative period 2020–21
Map source: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)02796-3/fulltext
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/MaxCRoser/status/1434228604666368007/photo/1
The Economist journalists updated their a model of the true death toll of the pandemic, corrected for underreporting. They come to the conclusion that 15.2 million have died, more than 3-times the official toll of 4.6m. This map shows the distribution of the death rate.
14.9 million excess deaths associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 WHO.int 5/2022 15 million people have died in the pandemic, WHO says
The World Health Organization’s long-awaited estimate of excess COVID deaths is in line with other studies. 5/2022 A Coronavirus Mystery Explained: Moscow Has 1,700 Extra Deaths. Russia's government has boasted of a low coronavirus mortality rate, but figures from an obscure city agency cast doubt on those claims. 5/2020
Assessing the Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on US Mortality: A County-Level Analysis 1/2021 Autopsies and covid-19. America’s elected coroners are too often a public-health liability
The politics of death 1/2022 Challenges Estimating Total Lives Lost in COVID-19 Decisions 7/2020. Consideration of Mortality Related to Unemployment, Social Isolation, and Depression COVID death tolls: scientists acknowledge errors in WHO estimates. Researchers with the World Health Organization explain mistakes in high-profile mortality estimates for Germany and Sweden. 5/2022 COVID's Global Death Toll May Be 3 Times Official Numbers 3/2022 COVID mortality in India: National survey data and health facility deaths 1/2022 COVID’s true death toll: much higher than official records. Modelling suggests that by the end of 2021, some 18 million people had died because of the pandemic. 3/2022 Covid: World’s true pandemic death toll nearly 15 million, says WHO 5/2022 Death Certificate-Based ICD-10 Diagnosis Codes for COVID-19 Mortality Surveillance - United States, January-December 2020 MMWR 3/2021 Deaths in New York City Are More Than Double the Usual Total 4/2020 Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21 3/2022 Hospitalizations of Children Aged 5–11 Years with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 2020-February 2022 4/2022 How Many Covid Deaths? Don't Ask President Trump. The president has expressed skepticism about the fatality figures reported to him by his own experts. 5/2020 How many died? Different ways of counting make the COVID-19 tally elusive "It becomes fairly random, and we're basically at that point," N.Y. Gov. Andrew Cuomo said. 6/2020 India Is Counting Thousands Of Daily COVID Deaths. How Many Is It Missing? 4/2021 India Is Stalling the W.H.O.’s Efforts to Make Global Covid Death Toll Public. The agency has calculated that 15 million people have died as a result of the pandemic, far more than earlier estimates, but has yet to release those numbers. 4/2022 In one Missouri county, coroner excludes COVID from death certificates if family asks 8/2021 NIH study associates COVID-19 surges with mortality increases for patients 7/2021 Nobody Accurately Tracks Health Care Workers Lost to COVID-19. So She Stays Up At Night Cataloging the Dead. 8/2020 Op-Ed: Death Counts and Despair - Are we growing numb to the COVID carnage? 8/2020 Peru says its true Covid death toll is almost triple its official count. 5/2021 Russian statistics soar for virus-linked deaths in 2020 2/2021 Study: 35 percent of excess deaths in pandemic's early months tied to causes other than COVID-19 7/2020 Surprisingly low Shanghai COVID death count spurs questions 4/2022 The Difficulty Of Counting the COVID-19 Pandemic's Full Death Toll 6/2020 The lag between daily reported Covid-19 cases and deaths and its relationship to age 3/2021 The pandemic’s true death toll: millions more than official counts
Countries have reported some five million COVID-19 deaths in two years, but global excess deaths are estimated at double or even quadruple that figure. 1/2022 Total Deaths Due to COVID-19 Underestimated by 20% in US Counties. Deaths caused by indirect effects of the pandemic emphasize the need for policy changes that address widening health and racial inequities. 5/2021 BU.edu Uncounted: Inaccurate death certificates across the country hide the true toll of COVID-19 Some counties, like Cape Girardeau, have seen a spike in deaths that aren’t attributed to COVID-19. Many of them, blamed on natural causes, are likely from the coronavirus 1/2022 Undercounting of Covid-19 deaths is greatest in pro-Trump areas, analysis shows 1/2021 U.S. deaths soared in early weeks of pandemic, far exceeding number attributed to covid-19 4/2020 Virus deaths are probably two to three times more than official records, the W.H.O. says. 5/2021 What to Say if Someone Wrongly Claims 99% of People Survive COVID Why Do Countries' COVID-19 Death Rates Vary So Much? Multiple factors at play: testing capacity, case definitions, age distribution, preparedness 5/2020 Why we still don't know how deadly this new coronavirus is 2/2020. Without the mortality rate, it's hard to decide how to respond and prepare for a worsening outbreak. Why We Don't Know the True Death Rate for Covid-19 4/2020 Determining what percentage of those infected by the coronavirus will die is a key question for epidemiologists, but an elusive one during the pandemic. Worst-Case Estimates for U.S. Coronavirus Deaths 3/2020
Hospitalization Data Issues
Incomplete/Missing Demographics and Variables, Reporting
Graphic source: https://www.covkidproject.org/state-report-card
Manipulation of Data Reporting
Graphic source: https://www.miamiherald.com/news/coronavirus/article253796898.html
Graphic source: https://www.miamiherald.com/news/coronavirus/article253796898.html
Back to Table of Contents
Prevalence Data
Probable Cases/Excess Deaths
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00104-8
Graphic source: https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/21539483/covid-19-black-death-plagues-in-history
Visual Abstract. Impact of Population Growth and Aging on Excess U.S. Deaths During COVID-19
Graphic source: https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-7385
Graphic source: https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/slide/during-pandemic-higher-premature-excess-deaths-in-u-s-compared-to-peer-countries-partly-driven-by-racial-disparities/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-pandemic-related-excess-mortality-and-potential-years-of-life-lost-in-the-u-s-and-peer-countries/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-pandemic-related-excess-mortality-and-potential-years-of-life-lost-in-the-u-s-and-peer-countries/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-pandemic-related-excess-mortality-and-potential-years-of-life-lost-in-the-u-s-and-peer-countries/
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2778361
Graphic source: https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/07/15/tracking-covid-19-excess-deaths-across-countries
COVID's Death Toll 3 Times Worse Than Official Counts - In U.S. alone, excess deaths were 300,000 higher than those attributed to virus 3/2022 Covid-19 deaths in Africa: prospective systematic postmortem surveillance study 2/2021 BMJ Covid-19: Excess deaths point to hidden toll in South Africa as cases surge 7/2020 BMJ COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Excess Mortality and Potential Years of Life Lost in the U.S. and Peer Countries 4/2021 During Pandemic, Higher Premature Excess Deaths in U.S. Compared to Peer Countries Partly Driven by Racial Disparities 4/2021 Estimating the early death toll of COVID-19 in the United States Estimation of Excess Deaths Associated With the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States, March to May 2020 7/2020 JAMA Excess Deaths From COVID-19 and Other Causes in the US, March 1, 2020, to January 2, 2021 4/2021 JAMA Getting to Accuracy: Measuring COVID-19 by Mortality Rates and Percentage Changes 4/2020 How COVID-19 Deaths Are Counted. 5/2020. Assigning a cause of death is never straightforward, but data on excess deaths suggest coronavirus death tolls are likely an underestimate How coronavirus charts can mislead us How does the government count COVID-19 deaths? Medical conditions or injuries at an individual's time of death are not automatically official causes of death for the purpose of government statistics. That includes COVID-19. 10/2021 How Many People Have Actually Died From Coronavirus in New York? 4/2020 The official statistics paint a partial picture and may understate the death toll. Here's why. Impact of Population Growth and Aging on Estimates of Excess U.S. Deaths During the COVID-19 Pandemic, March to August 2020 4/2020 AIM Just How Much Was 2020 an Outlier for Deaths? Setting cause aside, death numbers were "massive" compared with 2019 4/2021 N.Y.C. Death Toll Soars Past 10,000 in Revised Virus Count 4/2020. The city has added more than 3,700 additional people who were presumed to have died of the coronavirus but had never tested positive. Pandemic death toll is far higher than 200,000 in the US 10/2020 'Probable' COVID-19 Death Reporting Varies by State 4/2020. Authorities wrestle with fatal cases that look like COVID but lack test confirmation Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Excess Deaths During the COVID-19 Pandemic, March to December 2020 10/2021. ACPjournals.org The Pandemic's Real Toll? 300,000 Deaths, and It's Not Just From the Coronavirus 10/2020 Tracking covid-19 excess deaths across countries 7/2020 Update on Excess Deaths Associated with the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, January 26, 2020-February 27, 2021
4/2021 MMWR
Undercounting
Graphic source: https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n334
Graphic source: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/02/06/964527835/why-the-pandemic-is-10-times-worse-than-you-think
Graphic source: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/02/06/964527835/why-the-pandemic-is-10-times-worse-than-you-think
< P>
Health Equity Tracker Investigating rates of COVID-19 A Coronavirus Death in Early February Was Probably the Tip of an Iceberg 4/2020 After Deaths At Home Spike In NYC, Officials Plan To Count Many As COVID-19 3/2020 Africa COVID cases could be seven times higher than reported - WHO 2/2022 As Covid sweeps India, experts say cases and deaths are going unreported 4/2021 CDC Hasn't Updated COVID Vax Breakthrough Data - Agency doesn't report real-time breakthrough data, but states provide some answers 11/2021 Coronavirus Death in California Came Weeks Before First Known U.S. Death 4/22/2020 Covid: Does Tanzania have a hidden epidemic? 3/2021 BBC.com England and Wales coronavirus death toll 41% higher than UK government's daily figures 4/2020 Impact of COVID-19 in Africa 'vastly underestimated', warn researchers. Study from Zambia shows many more deaths than official reports suggest 2/2021 Impact of covid-19 in Africa "vastly underestimated" warn researchers 2/2021 BMJ India Is Counting Thousands Of Daily COVID Deaths. How Many Is It Missing? . 4/2021 India's pandemic death toll could be in the millions 7/2021 Millions Of People Are Missing From CDC COVID Data As States Fail To Report Cases 10/2021 NIH study suggests COVID-19 prevalence far exceeded early pandemic cases. Researchers estimate nearly 17 million undiagnosed cases in the U.S. by mid-July 2020. 6/2021 Non-stop cremations cast doubt on India's counting of COVID dead 4/2021 Official coronavirus death tolls are only an estimate, and that is a problem 4/2020 NBC News takes a look at how some of the world's health authorities have tried, and often failed, to keep track of those who have died in the pandemic. Official U.S. coronavirus death toll may be missing many thousands. 5/2020 A confluence of testing shortages, inconsistent death reporting practices and a high concentration of nursing home deaths means the overall fatality number is likely higher. Russia adds record 10,000 coronavirus cases in dramatic turnaround as Putin's problems stack up 5/2020 There's Been a Spike in People Dying at Home in Several Cities. That Suggests Coronavirus Deaths Are Higher Than Reported. 4/2020 Trump's plan to limit the pandemic's death toll: Undercount the numbers. Experts say the official numbers are too low. The White House wants to make them lower. 5/2020 U.S. Coronavirus Death Toll Is Far Higher Than Reported, C.D.C. Data Suggests 4/2020
Why we don't know the real number of COVID-19 deaths in Africa 10/2020 Why the coronavirus may be killing more Americans than the government data says 4/2020 Why The Pandemic Is 10 Times Worse Than You Think NPR.org 2/2021
Vaccination Reporting
Back to Table of Contents
COVID-19 Risk Factors
Risk factors for severe COVID-19 among persons who completed a primary COVID-19 vaccination series - 465 health care facilities, United States, December 2020-October 2021 (MMWR)
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7101a4.htm
Risk Factors (Enlarged)
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-care/underlyingconditions.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-care/underlyingconditions.html
Graphic source: https://informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/covid-19-coronavirus-infographic-datapack/
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/2020-year-in-review/a-tale-of-2020-in-20-mckinsey-charts
Graphic source: https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/941521
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/22365/prevalence-of-underlying-conditions-in-us-adults/
Graphic source: Texas Medical Association
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/older-adults.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/COVID19-What-You-Can-Do-High-Risk.pdf
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp2009249
Cardiovascular
Cancer
Demographics
Graphic source: https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/20/us/systemic-racism-coronavirus-pandemic-trnd/index.html"
Graphic source: https://www.apmresearchlab.org/covid/deaths-by-race
Graphic source: https://www.apmresearchlab.org/covid/deaths-by-race
Risk Factors for Severe COVID-19 Outcomes Among Persons Aged ≥18 Years Who Completed a Primary COVID-19 Vaccination Series - 465 Health Care Facilities, United States, December 2020-October 2021 1/2022 MMWR No Data Behind CDC's Testing Guideline Change; Absent any evidence, experts speculate that supply shortages, politics influenced agency's decision Black individuals at higher risk for contracting COVID-19, according to new research 7/2020 Coronavirus targets homeless shelters in the US 4/2020
COVID-19 Among American Indian and Alaska Native Persons -23 States, January 31-July 3, 2020 MMWR 8/2020 COVID-19 Killing African Americans at Shocking Rates 5/2020. Wildly disproportionate mortality highlights need to address longstanding inequities COVID-19 crisis: Millions of US workers at risk of infections on the job 4/2020 Crowded homes, poor neighborhoods linked to COVID-19 6/2020 Male Sex Is Risk Factor for Increased Mortality in COVID-19 12/2020 Study of 17 Million Identifies Crucial Risk Factors for Coronavirus Deaths 7/2020. The largest study yet confirms that race, ethnicity, age and sex can raise a person's chances of dying from Covid-19. COVID-19 deaths analyzed by race and ethnicity — APM Research Lab Factors Influencing Risk for COVID-19 Exposure Among Young Adults Aged 18-23 Years - Winnebago County, Wisconsin, March-July 2020. MMWR October 2020. Regardless of Age, Obesity and Hypertension Increase Risks With COVID-19 9/2020 These variables affect whether you live, die or get help during the pandemic 8/2020 Why Is COVID-19 Striking Men Harder Than Women? 5/2020 Why Women Experience COVID and the Vaccines Differently Than Men - It's chromosomal and hormonal, and maybe sociocultural too 3/2021
Diabetes
Graphic source: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-021-05458-8
Graphic source: https://abcnews.go.com/Health/covid-19-virus-diabetes-studies-find/story
Graphic source: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-021-05458-8
Drugs
Environmental Factors
Genetic Mutations
Health Behaviors
Hypertension
Immune System
Liver Disease
Maternal/Child Health Issues
Mental Illness
Metabolic Syndrome
Nutrition
Obesity
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2770542
Graphic source: https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(20)30477-8/fulltext
Clinical manifestations and mechanisms for COVID-19 risk in individuals with obesity
Graphic source: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/obr.13128
Associations between body-mass index and COVID-19 severity in 6·9 million people in England: a prospective, community-based, cohort study 4/2021 < /B> Body Mass Index and Risk for COVID-19-Related Hospitalization, Intensive Care Unit Admission, Invasive Mechanical Ventilation, and Death - United States, March-December 2020 3/2021 MMWR Clinical Outcomes in Young US Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19 9/2020 COVID-19 reveals how obesity harms the body in real time 11/2020 Even With Mild COVID, Obesity May Mean Worse Symptoms 10/2021 Individuals with obesity and COVID-19: A global perspective on the epidemiology and biological relationships 8/2020 NYU scientists: Largest US study of COVID-19 finds obesity the single biggest 'chronic' factor in New York City's hospitalizations 4/2020 ZDNET.com Obese COVID Patients More Likely to Have Pulmonary Embolism, Even Outside the ICU 6/2020 Obesity and Outcomes in COVID-19: When an Epidemic and Pandemic Collide 7/2020 Obesity Linked to Severe Coronavirus Disease, Especially for Younger Patients 4/2020 Obesity one of the biggest risk factors in COVID-19 hospitalizations, study suggests 4/2020 Sex-specific impact of severe obesity in the outcomes of hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a large retrospective study from the Bronx, New York 5/2021 Why Obesity May Stack the Deck for COVID-19 Risk 7/2020
Phenotypes
Vaping Links to Covid Risk Are Becoming Clear 9/2020 Other Factors
10 Things That Increase Your Risk of Coronavirus Complications Alzheimer's Gene Linked to Severe COVID-19 Risk 5/2020 Canadian study finds temperature, latitude not associated with COVID-19 spread 5/2020 Can I Catch It Through My Eyes? Will Goggles Help? 5/2020 CDC: Age Nothing But a Number for COVID-19 Risks; Underlying conditions for people at any age more important, agency says 6/2020 Contracting COVID-19: lifestyle and social connections may play a role 7/2020 Coronavirus and Pneumonia 4/2020 COVID-19: High-Risk Groups and Special Populations 4/2020 COVID-19 Risk 10-Fold Higher for Opioid Abusers 9/2020. Substance use disorders in general tied to higher coronavirus hospitalization rates COVID Risks Raised in Rheumatoid Arthritis - Patients had higher rates of infection and hospitalization/death, study showed 5/2021 FAQs About COVID-19 4/2020 Groups at Higher Risk for Severe Illness 4/2020 Heartburn medication tied to higher COVID-19 risk — but don't panic 7/2020 HIV and The New Coronavirus Insomnia, disrupted sleep, and burnout linked to higher odds of severe COVID-19. Each 1-hour increase in sleep associated with 12% lower odds of infection among clinicians 3/2021 Is Taking Aspirin Good for Your Heart? Large Vessel Strokes in Younger Patients Tied to COVID-19, 4/2020. Presenting symptom of coronavirus infection for some Miscarriage and Maternal Mortality in Pregnant COVID-19 Patients; Risk is unknown but nonzero 5/2020 New Research Shows Disproportionate Rate of Coronavirus Deaths in Polluted Areas 12/2020 Older Adults CDC.gov People With O Blood Type Appear to Have a Lower Risk of Catching Coronavirus, Preliminary Study Says 6/2020 People of Any Age with Underlying Medical Conditions 6/2020 Poor Sleep, Burnout Tied to Higher COVID-19 Risk 3/2021 Preliminary Estimates of the Prevalence of Selected Underlying Health Conditions Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019-United States, February 12-March 28, 2020 3/2020 MMWR Substance use disorders linked to COVID-19 susceptibility 9/2020 The Catastrophic Cost of Uninsurance: COVID-19 Cases and Deaths
Closely Tied to America's Health Coverage Gaps 3/2021 The Covid-19 Riddle: Why Does the Virus Wallop Some Places and Spare Others? 5/2020 This One Thing Could Make You More Likely to Die From Coronavirus 6/2020 What Is Phantosmia? 3/2021 What Is the Real Coronavirus Toll in Each State? 5/2020
Back to Table of Contents
COVID-19 Incubation Period Nature: Estimated that the incubation period for COVID-19 before the onset of symptoms was 5.2 days. Viral loads for COVID-19 were highest shortly after the onset of symptoms and then gradually decreased toward the detection limit by day 21. Sex, age, and disease severity did not substantially affect these findings.
The authors estimated that infectiousness of COVID-19 began 2.3 days before the onset of symptoms and peaked at 0.7 days after symptom onset. They further estimated that up to 44% of cases of COVID-19 could be a result of viral transmission before the onset of symptoms.
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp2009575
Back to Table of Contents
COVID-19 Symptoms
Symptom prevalence, duration, and risk of hospital admission in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 during periods of omicron and delta variant dominance: a prospective observational study from the ZOE COVID Study
Graphic source: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(22)00327-0/fulltext
Graphic source: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-types/symptom-tracker-app-reveals-six-distinct-types-of-covid-19-infection-idUSKCN24I1YI
Graphic source; https://salud-america.org/coronavirus-case-rates-and-death-rates-for-latinos-in-the-united-states/
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of previous or current SARS-CoV-2 infection, by individual symptoms among service members reporting at least one symptom (n = 284) — USS Theodore Roosevelt, April 2020 (June 2020)
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6923e4.htm
Graphic source: https://int.nyt.com/data/documenthelper/6926-mayhhsbriefing/af7319f4a55fd0ce5dc9/optimized/full.pdf#page=1
Updated CDC COVID-19 symptom list (4/27/2020)
Graphic source: https://heavy.com/news/2020/04/early-symptoms-coronavirus-covid-19/
General
Dermatological Manifestations
Hearing Loss
Loss of Smell
Graphic source: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00210#
AAO-HNS: Anosmia, Hyposmia, and Dysgeusia Symptoms of Coronavirus Disease 3/2020 About Half of COVID-19 Cases Show Digestive Signs 3/2020 Alterations in Smell or Taste in Mildly Symptomatic Outpatients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection 4/2020 Anosmia Can Warn Us of More Than Just COVID - Sense of smell is deeply connected with cognitive function 8/2021 Another Presenting Sign of COVID-19 - Findings support adding to the list of GI manifestations of the disease, researchers say 8/2020 Chinese Study: Some Mild COVID-19 Cases Have Only GI Symptoms About 19% with digestive issues experienced diarrhea as the first symptom of COVID-19 4/2020 Coronavirus symptoms: What are they and how do I protect myself? BBC.com 6/2020 COVID-19 and a loss of smell: Why the virus may hinder this sense. A loss of smell can be caused by nasal congestion. But it happens in COVID-19 patients even without a stuffed-up nose. 8/2020 Diarrhea is first sign of illness for some COVID-19 patients 3/2020 Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 Entry Proteins, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, in Cells of the Olfactory Epithelium: Identification of Cell Types and Trends with Age 5/2020 From Loss Of Smell To 'COVID Toes': What Experts Are Learning About Symptoms 5/2020 GI and Hepatic Symptoms Call for COVID-19 Testing. Liver injury, in particular, could lead to poor clinical outcomes 5/2020 How COVID-19 Causes Loss of Smell 7/2020 Inflamed brains, toe rashes, strokes: Why COVID-19's weirdest symptoms are only emerging now 5/2020 Little Known About COVID Patients' Loss of Smell 4/2020 Lost Sense of Smell May Be Peculiar Clue to Coronavirus Infection 3/2020 Mysteries of COVID Smell Loss Finally Yield Some Answers. Explanations begin to arise at the molecular level for this vexing but commonplace symptom 11/2020 Skin Rashes: An Emerging Symptom of COVID-19: What clinicians need to know about cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 4/2020 Smell and taste changes provide early indication of COVID-19 community spread 11/2020 Smell and Taste Issues Unlikely to Linger After COVID-19 7/2020 Smell Diminishes by Day 3 of COVID-19, Study Says 5/2020
Sniffing Out Where Virus First Strikes in COVID-19 - More context for why COVID-19 patients might lose sense of smell 8/2020 Symptom tracker app reveals six distinct types of COVID-19 infection 7/2020 What are COVID toes? Dermatologists, podiatrists share strange findings 3/2020 What it's like to suffer from the coronavirus's weirdest symptom 4/2020 What are the symptoms of COVID-19 What Is Covid Toe? 5/2020 Maybe a Strange Sign of Coronavirus Infection Dermatologists say the lesions should prompt testing for the virus, even though many patients have no other symptoms
Psychiatric Symptoms
Tooth Loss
Back to Table of Contents
COVID-19 Transmission Transmission Routes
Video source: https://twitter.com/CDCgov/status/1484277054162055175
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-1092-0/figures/2
SARS-CoV-2 introductions to U.S. and Europe. Credit: Modified from Worobey M, Science, 2020.
Graphic source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32912998/
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp2009249
Current Sites of COVID-19 cases
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2767010
Potential Sites for future COVID-19 cases
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2767010
Reproduction Number
"To determine when an outbreak had been contained, scientists look at case counts and determine the reproduction number, a measurement that shows how many people will be infected by one infectious person. If the reproduction number drops below 1, scientists consider the outbreak contained."
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/healthcare-systems-and-services/our-insights/when-will-the-covid-19-pandemic-end?cid=other-eml-alt-mip-mck
Graphic source: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/history-of-pandemics-deadliest/
Graphic source: @fperrywilson
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/risk/our-insights/covid-19-implications-for-business
R-naught - the theory R-naught - the reality of superspreaders
Source: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/22/well/live/coronavirus-pandemic-memorial-day-picnics-bbqs.html
Graphic source: https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/06/health/flu-covid-19-deaths-comparison-trnd/index.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6926e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-researchers-show-how-covid-19-super-spreaders-are-a-big-part-of-the-problem/">
Reich and colleagues show that even for the same "R," transmission rate, on average, infections can rise faster with a higher "gamma," the measure of how many "degrees" of contacts a person in the society has -- the super-spreaders.
Graphic source: https://cosmosmagazine.com/biology/measuring-different-responses-to-covid-19
Graphic source; https://www.vox.com/2020/1/28/21079946/coronavirus-china-wuhan-deaths-pandemic
Graphic source: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/05/coronavirus-how-to-measure-your-nation-response-cvd/"
Back to Table of Contents
Asymptomatic/Pre-symptomatic (Silent Spreader/Stealth) Transmission
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2001468
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6923e4.htm
About 80% of Asymptomatic People With COVID-19 Develop Symptoms 9/2020 An enduring coronavirus mystery: Why do only some get sick? 6/2020. Months into a pandemic that has killed nearly 500,000 people worldwide, scientists are still trying to answer crucial questions about the coronavirus. As many as 45% of people infected with COVID-19 have no symptoms, and they may play a major role in the spread of the virus, according to a new study. 6/2020 Asymptomatic and Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Residents of a Long-Term Care Skilled Nursing Facility - King County, Washington, March 2020 MMWR 3/2020 Asymptomatic coronavirus infections contribute to over 50% of spread, according to UChicago study 5/2021 Asymptomatic COVID-19 cases may be more common than suspected The problem? Even without symptoms, people can still spread the virus. 5/2020 Asymptomatic COVID: Silent, but Maybe Not Harmless 8/2020 Asymptomatic COVID-19 Transmission in China Confirmed? 2/2020 Asymptomatic spread makes testing key for COVID-19 fight 5/2020 Asymptomatic people may be fueling the coronavirus spread 4/2020 Capturing hidden data for asymptomatic COVID-19 cases provides a better pandemic picture. Measuring the disease spread poses a challenge when not all carriers show it 2/2022 Clinical Course and Molecular Viral Shedding Among Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Community Treatment Center in the Republic of Korea 8/2020 Even Asymptomatic People Carry the Coronavirus in High Amounts. Researchers in South Korea found that roughly 30 percent of those infected never develop symptoms yet probably spread the virus. 8/2020 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report 73 Pre-symptomatic and Presymptomatic transmission April 3, 2020 WHO.int Coronavirus may be most infectious when symptoms are mildest, small study finds 4/2020 Coronavirus Spreads Quickly and Sometimes Before People Have Symptoms, Study Finds 3/2020 Coronavirus spreads quickly and sometimes before people have symptoms, study finds 3/2020 Covert coronavirus infections could be seeding new outbreaks 3/2020 Covid-19: Four in 10 cases in Italian town that locked down early were asymptomatic 7/2020 COVID-19: in the footsteps of Ernest Shackleton 5/2020 Cruise ship 81% asymptomatic! COVID-19 spread is fueled by 'stealth transmission'. Cases of COVID-19 that fly under the radar without being diagnosed appear to fuel the rapid spread of the disease. 3/2020 Did you already have coronavirus in January or February? 4/2020 Estimating the generation interval for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) based on symptom onset data, March 2020 4/2020 Even children with no symptoms can spread Covid-19, CDC report shows 9/2020 Half of Singapore's new COVID-19 cases are symptomless, taskforce head says 6/2020 Hidden Outbreaks Spread Through U.S. Cities Far Earlier Than Americans Knew, Estimates Say 5/2020 How COVID Silent Spreaders May Be Infecting Others 4/2020 How does the new coronavirus spread? These new studies offer clues. 3/2020 How many COVID-19 infections are asymptomatic? Research shows it may be a lot more than thought 7/2020 How much is coronavirus spreading under the radar? 3/2020 How Stealth transmission is fueling the rapid spread of Covid-19, according to experts 3/2020 How the World Missed Covid-19's Silent Spread 6/2020 How to identify factors affecting COVID-19 transmission 3/2020 Indirect Virus Transmission in Cluster of COVID-19 Cases, Wenzhou, China, 2020 6/2020 Infected but Feeling Fine: The Unwitting Coronavirus Spreaders 4/2020 Infected people without symptoms might be driving the spread of coronavirus more than we realized 3/2020 In four US prisons, thousands of inmates are testing positive and 96% are asymptomatic 4/2020 In the W.H.O.'s Coronavirus Stumbles, Some Scientists See a Pattern 6/2020 It's not just people with symptoms who can spread COVID-19 3/2020 Magnitude of asymptomatic COVID-19 cases throughout the course of infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis 3/2021 More Evidence Points to Kids Being COVID-19 'Silent Spreaders' Study: 93% of infections would have been missed if only symptomatic cases were tested 8/2020 Most COVID-19 Cases Come from People Without Symptoms 1/2021 Most COVID Transmission Is Still Asymptomatic
— Some 60% of spread starts with those who have no symptoms, and that may be higher with Omicron 5/2022 New Study Says Silent Spreaders May Be Responsible For Half Of U.S. COVID-19 Cases 7/2020 Over 85% of COVID-19 Infections in China Went Undetected Early On 3/2020. Number of mild or asymptomatic infections emphasizes need for mitigation measures People might be most infectious with coronavirus before they show symptoms, study suggests 4/2020 Presymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 -Singapore, January 23-March 16, 2020 4/2020 MMWR Prevalence of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection A Narrative Review 6/2020 Rapid spread of COVID-19 is fueled by 'stealth transmission' 3/2020 SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Serologic Responses from a Sample of U.S. Navy Service Members, USS Theodore Roosevelt, April 2020 6/2020 SARS-CoV-2 Transmission From People Without COVID-19 Symptoms 1/2021 JAMA South Korean Study Suggests Children Can Silently Spread COVID-19; Symptoms went unrecognized more often than not in infected kids 9/2020 'Stealth Transmission' Fuels Fast Spread of Coronavirus Outbreak 3/2020 Study: 17.9% Of People With COVID-19 Coronavirus Had No Symptoms 3/2020 Substantial Undocumented Infection Facilitates the Rapid Dissemination of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) 3/2020 The natural history and transmission potential of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection 6/2020 The truth about COVID-19 and asymptomatic spread: It's common, so wear a mask and avoid large gatherings 11/2020 Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany 3/2020 NEJM We Still Don't Fully Understand The Label 'Asymptomatic' 6/2020 What Does Asymptomatic COVID-19 Look Like Under the Surface? Many individuals show subclinical abnormalities as well as differences from symptomatic patients 6/2020 What We Know About The Silent Spreaders Of COVID-19 4/2020 What We Need to Understand About Asymptomatic Carriers if We're Going to Beat Coronavirus 4/2020 WHO Creates 'Confusion' About Asymptomatic Spread. Here's What We Know 6/2020 WHO Says Asymptomatic Spread Of Coronavirus 'Very Rare,' But Experts Raise Questions 6/2020 Wuhan woman with no symptoms infects five relatives with coronavirus: study 2/2020
Back to Table of Contents
Superspreader Events (SSEs)
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7035e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/coronavirus-leading-through-the-crisis/charting-the-path-to-the-next-normal/people-who-see-people-how-high-mixers-help-spread-covid-19
Graphic source:
https://public.tableau.com/profile/betsy.ladyzhets#!/vizhome/superspreadingevents/DashSuperspreadingeventsmap
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6947e1.htm
Distribution of COVID-19 cases (N = 177) linked to a rural wedding reception, by date of onset or test - Maine, August 7–September 14, 2020
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6945a5.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6945a5.htm
Graphic source: https://news.mit.edu/2020/super-spreading-covid-transmission-1102
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6941a4.htm
Transmission chains and attack rates in three COVID-19 child care facility outbreaks, Salt Lake County, Utah, April 1-July 10, 2020
Graphic source: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8094933/How-one-man-spread-coronavirus-NINE-people-bus.html
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/20/health/airflow-coronavirus-restaurants.html
Chinese Restaurant transmission
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915e1.htm
Funeral community transmission
CDC - Korean Call Center - Blue = infected with COVID-19
Graphic source: https://www.vox.com/21262268/coronavirus-tips-covid-social-distancing-harm-reduction
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6920e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/21699/coronavirus-outbreak-in-ischgl/"
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/21697/contact-tracing-response-seoul-south-korea-covid-19/
Graphic source: https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-researchers-show-how-covid-19-super-spreaders-are-a-big-part-of-the-problem/
Reich and colleagues construct graphs of people in their various states of infection and the like among people, to simulate how COVID-19 spreads. Caption from the article: "Contact tracing. Some share of the neighbors of a node which tests positive are traced and tested themselves." Reich et al. 2020
Graphic source: https://cosmosmagazine.com/biology/how-social-distancing-flattens-the-curve-of-coronavirus
This graph shows how an epidemic might spread across a network over time. Blue dots are susceptible individuals, while red dots are infected people. Two dots are connected by a line if they are in contact with each other, and the more contacts a person has, the bigger their dot is on the network. Author provided
Infected people are red nodes, and susceptible people are blue. The large node in the middle of the diagram is a super-spreader, a person who connects with many others, and thus has more potential to spread the disease.
Graphic source: https://quillette.com/2020/04/23/covid-19-superspreader-events-in-28-countries-critical-patterns-and-lessons/
Timeline of events and symptom onsets, by day of investigation, in a cluster of COVID-19 likely transmitted at two family gatherings - Chicago, Illinois, February-March 2020
Video source: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/14/us/coronavirus-updates.html
After Lavish Nights of Clubbing in Bangkok, a Covid Outbreak. Thailand went for months without a single confirmed case of local transmission, but the epidemic has now radiated from nightclubs to areas where social distancing is all but impossible. 6/2021 A large COVID-19 outbreak in a high school 10 days after schools' reopening, Israel, May 2020 7/2020 An Outbreak of COVID-19 Associated with a Recreational Hockey Game - Florida, June 2020 MMWR 10/2020 A person who was Covid-19 positive attended a church service and exposed 180 people 5/2020 Bars, Strip Clubs and Churches: U.S. Virus Outbreaks Enter Unwieldy Phase 6/2020 Clustering and superspreading potential of SARS-CoV-2 infections in Hong Kong 10/2020 Clusters of Coronavirus Disease in Communities, Japan, January-April 2020 6/2020 College towns fear super-spreader semester as students descend 8/2020 Community Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at Two Family Gatherings Chicago, Illinois, February-March 2020 4/2020 Coronavirus Cluster on Cape Cod: 10 Test Positive After Attending Large Party 7/2020 Coronavirus outbreak at USC's fraternity row leaves at least 40 people infected 7/2020 Coronavirus Ravaged a Choir. But Isolation Helped Contain It. 5/2020 Coronavirus Testing In Boston's Homeless Community Shows Shelter Size And Density Matter 5/2020
COVID-19 Outbreak Among a University's Men's and Women's Soccer Teams - Chicago, Illinois, July-August 2020 MMWR 10/2020 COVID-19 Outbreak Among College Students After a Spring Break Trip to Mexico Austin, Texas, March 26-April 5, 2020 MMWR 7/2020
COVID-19 Outbreak Associated with a 10-Day Motorcycle Rally in a Neighboring State - Minnesota, August-September 2020 MMWR 11/2020 Covid-19 superspreader events emerge as focus of concern. The White House cluster is the kind of incident that infectious disease experts are focusing on as a crucial way to understand how the coronavirus spreads. 10/2020 COVID-19 Superspreader Events in 28 Countries: Critical Patterns and Lessons 4/2020 Covid-19 "super-spreading" events play outsized role in overall disease transmission 11/2020 Days After a Funeral in a Georgia Town, Coronavirus Hit Like a Bomb 6/2020. A mourner came to Albany, Ga., to attend the funeral of a retired janitor. After a pause while the infections incubated, the virus swept through the community. Dozens of persons in Shinjuku's sex industry infected with coronavirus 4/2020 Epidemiologically Linked COVID-19 Outbreaks at a Youth Camp and Men's Conference - Illinois, June-July 2021 8/2021 MMWR Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in two Indian states 9/2020 Ford temporarily closed its Chicago Assembly Plant after two employees test positive for COVID-19 a day after reopening 5/2020 Google researchers: COVID-19 super-spreaders are a big part of the problem 5/2020 Greenwich & Darien Deal With Coronavirus 'Party Zero'-Type Cases 8/2020 High COVID-19 Attack Rate Among Attendees at Events at a Church, Arkansas, March 2020 5/2020
High SARS-CoV-2 Attack Rate Following Exposure at a Choir Practice — Skagit County, Washington, March 2020 5/2020 MMWR Hospital Traces COVID Cluster to Break Room - 15 employees of Holyoke Medical Center fall ill after eating together 10/2020 How a Bus Ride Turned Into a Coronavirus Superspreader Event. One-third of passengers aboard a bus were infected by a fellow passenger, scientists reported. 9/2020 How a Premier U.S. Drug Company Became a Virus Super Spreader Biogen employees unwittingly spread the coronavirus from Massachusetts to Indiana, Tennessee and North Carolina. 4/2020 NYT How a superspreader at choir practice sickened 52 people with COVID-19 5/2020 How Coronavirus Infected Some, but Not All, in a Restaurant, A limited study by Chinese researchers suggests the role played by air currents in spreading the illness in enclosed spaces. 4/2020 How Ischgl Set Off A Coronavirus Avalanche 5/2020 How large superspreader events turned into coronavirus hot spots. This is why large gatherings should be the last normal activity to come back after Covid-19 is contained. 5/2020 How one man spread coronavirus to NINE other people on his bus in China: Scientists find the deadly virus can travel four times the 'safe' distance and linger in the air for over 30 minutes in confined places 3/2020 How Superspreading Events Drive Most COVID-19 Spread. 6/2020, As few as 10 percent of infected people may drive a whopping 80 percent of cases, in specific types of situations Intense fitness classes can lead to rapid spread of COVID-19, report shows 5/2020 Lamont Warns Of Possible Coronavirus Spread At Parties. The parties mainly took place in Fairfield County. One involved people sharing a vape pen, Lamont said. 7/2020 Maine CDC Investigates COVID-19 Outbreak Associated with Wedding Reception in Millinocket 8/2020 More Than 6,600 Coronavirus Cases Have Been Linked to U.S. Colleges 7/2020 Most People With Coronavirus Won't Spread It. Why Do a Few Infect Many? 6/2020
Multiple COVID-19 Outbreaks Linked to a Wedding Reception in Rural Maine - August 7-September 14, 2020 MMWR 11/2020 One Infected Clubgoer Triggers Massive Response 5/2020 Outbreak Associated with SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant in an Elementary School - Marin County, California, May-June 2021 8/2021 MMWR Party with 400 people shut down during students' first weekend back at ECU, cops say 8/2020 Party Zero: How a Soiree in Connecticut Became a Super Spreader 3/2020 NYT People who see people: How high mixers help spread COVID-19 4/2021 Police Tactics Are Putting Protesters at Higher COVID Transmission Risk. 6/2020. Cops are forgoing masks and other PPE, and violating protesters' boundaries by pulling masks down, forcing them into crowded spaces, and more. Protests Pose Particular Risks for COVID-19 Transmission. 6/2020. Not just lack of social distancing, but increased droplet contact, tear gas could be factors Rose Garden announcement of Supreme Court nominee potential 'super spreader' event, with Trump plus six others getting COVID 10/2020 SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Infection Among Attendees of an Overnight Camp - Georgia, June 2020 MMWR 7/2020 Spring Breaker Who Vowed To Party Despite Coronavirus Concerns Has Apologized 3/2020 Superspreading and the effect of individual variation on disease emergence 11/2005 The Coronavirus Infected Hundreds at a Georgia Summer Camp 7/2020 The Coronavirus's Rampage Through a Suburban Nursing Home 3/2020 NYT The Effects of Large Group Meetings on the Spread of COVID-19: The Case of Trump Rallies 10/2020 Abstract The Effects of Large Group Meetings on the Spread of COVID-19: The Case of Trump Rallies 10/2020 Article Tracking Covid-19 infections among President Trump's contacts. What we know about the Covid-19 status of those who have been around the president recently. 10/2020 Tracing Trump's movements: A timeline of the days leading up to his COVID diagnosis. A review of his public schedule shows several possible "super-spreader" events. 10/2020 Two churches reclose after faith leaders and congregants get coronavirus 5/2020 What's A 'Super-Spreading Event'? And Has It Happened With COVID-19? 2/2020 What counts as a 'superspreader' event? 1o/2020 With the holidays coming, Covid cases likely to surge during 'six weeks of superspreader events' 10/2020 Why Are Some People So Much More Infectious Than Others? 4/2020 Why COVID-19 Flare-Ups Will Keep Happening 5/2020 Why understanding superspreaders is key to controlling COVID-19 PBS.org Younger adults are biggest spreaders of Covid-19, study suggests 2/2021
Back to Table of Contents
Transmission Factors
Graphic source: https://www.bmj.com/content/375/bmj-2021-065312
Graphic source: https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciaa1442/5910315
Graphic source: https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciaa1442/5910315
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2767010
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0869-5
a, Schematic of the relation between different time periods in the transmission of infectious disease. b, Human-to-human transmission pairs of SAR-CoV-2 virus (N=77). We assumed a maximum exposure window of 21 days prior to symptom onset of the secondary cases. Detailed information on the transmission pairs and the source of information is summarized in Supplementary Tables 2 and 3. c, Estimated serial interval distribution (top), inferred infectiousness profile (middle) and assumed incubation period (bottom) of COVID-19.
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0869-5
Viral load (threshold cycle (Ct) values) detected by RT-PCR (PCR with reverse transcription) in throat swabs from patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 (N=94), overall and stratified by disease severity, sex, age group and link to Hubei province. The detection limit was Ct40, which was used to indicate negative samples. The thick lines show the trend in viral load, using smoothing splines. We added some noise to the data points to avoid overlaps.
Back to Table of Contents
Air (Airborne)Transmission
Video Source: https://twitter.com/nytimes/status/1383871010617757703
VIDEO
Infected after 5 minutes, from 20 feet away: South Korea study shows coronavirus’ spread indoors
Evolution of a Cough
Graphic source: https://www.mcgill.ca/newsroom/channels/news/covid-19-without-masks-two-metres-distancing-not-enough-333819
Evolution of a cough with mask
Graphic source: https://www.mcgill.ca/newsroom/channels/news/covid-19-without-masks-two-metres-distancing-not-enough-333819
Graphic source:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7e8t-Rzv0I
Graphic source: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/6/21-0465-f2
Graphic source: https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-12-09/five-minutes-from-20-feet-away-south-korean-study-shows-perils-of-indoor-dining-for-covid-19
Graphic source: @ncdhhs
Graphic source: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/08/how-to-measure-risk-airborne-coronavirus-your-office-classroom-bus-ride-cvd/
Graphic source: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/08/how-to-measure-risk-airborne-coronavirus-your-office-classroom-bus-ride-cvd/
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/tukkerloo/status/1237078414416281605
Graphic source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041202031254X?via%3Dihub
Graphic source:
https://cosmosmagazine.com/science/physics/heres-why-you-should-close-the-toilet-lid/
Left: Vortex caused by common annular flushing. Right: Large-scale spread of virus particles after flushing. Credit: J-X Wang
Graphic source: https://boston.cbslocal.com/2020/05/12/coronavirus-spread-restaurant-airflow-erin-bromage/
Graphic shows how coronavirus spreads through air (Image credit University of Oregon)
Graphic source: https://api.nationalgeographic.com/distribution/public/amp/science/2020/01/how-coronavirus-spreads-on-a-plane
Respiratory droplets 2009 Let’s Clear The Air On COVID 3/23/2022 The White House US, WHO officials and experts agree (sort of) on how COVID-19 spreads 4/2022 A case study of extended in-flight transmission of SARS-CoV-2 en route to Aotearoa New Zealand 11/2020 Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1 3/2020 ,/B> Aerosol particle emission increases exponentially above moderate exercise intensity resulting in superemission during maximal exercise 5/2022
Concordance of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Aerosols From a Nurses Station and in Nurses and Patients During a Hospital Ward Outbreak 6/2022 JAMA Network Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19 6/2020 It Is Time to Address Airborne Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) 6/2020 Mounting evidence suggests coronavirus is airborne — but health advice has not caught up 7/2020
Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a Nursing Home Associated With Aerosol Transmission as a Result of Inadequate Ventilation 8/2020 SARS-CoV-2 transmission on planes 4/2022 Scientific Brief: SARS-CoV-2 Transmission CDC.gov 5/2021 Ways COVID-19 Spreads CDC.gov 5/2021 The virus is an airborne threat, the C.D.C. acknowledges. 5/2021 Updated CDC guidance acknowledges coronavirus can spread through the air 9/2020 CDC finally acknowledges airborne COVID-19 spread, for real this time 10/2020 COVID-19: Without masks, two metres distancing is not enough 10/2021
COVID-19: Without masks, two meters distancing is not enough, research finds. Simulations track the spread of coughs and safe physical distancing indoors 10/2021 COVID Spread More Indoors by Talking Than Coughing, Study Suggests 1/2021 COVID-19 Is Transmitted Through Aerosols. We Have Enough Evidence, Now It Is Time to Act 8/2020 Droplets vs Aerosols: What's More Important in COVID-19 Spread? CDC finally acknowledged aerosol transmission, but contribution to case counts remains unclear 5/2021 Efforts to stop spread of COVID-19 should focus on preventing airborne transmission, experts say 4/2021 Epidemiologic Evidence for Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during Church Singing, Australia, 2020 6/2021 Fate and Transport of Indoor Microbiological Aerosols (FaTIMA) Web tool
Excel fatima-csv-template Fate and Transport of Indoor Microbiological Aerosols (FaTIMA) Flushing a public toilet? Don't linger, because aerosolized droplets do. Study explores flushing power to test risk of COVID-19 transmission 4/2021 Simple safety measures reduce musical COVID-19 transmission 8/2021 6 feet may not be enough to avoid infectious aerosols indoors 9/2021 Transmission of Viruses in Droplets and Aerosols (part 1) Transmission of Viruses in Droplets and Aerosols (part 2) Transmission of Viruses in Droplets and Aerosols (part 3) Transmission of Viruses in Droplets and Aerosols (Part 4) Youtube 239 Experts With One Big Claim: The Coronavirus Is Airborne 7/2020 Aboard the Diamond Princess, a Case Study in Aerosol Transmission. A computer model of the cruise-ship outbreak found that the virus spread most readily in microscopic droplets light enough to linger in the air. 7/2020
Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals 4/2020 Aerosol and Surface Distribution of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Hospital Wards, Wuhan, China, 2020 4/2020 Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1 3/2020 Aerosol Scientist: COVID-19 Is Likely Airborne 6/2020 Airborne Coronavirus Detected in Wuhan Hospitals 5/2020 Airborne Spread of SARS-CoV-2 and a Potential Role for Air Disinfection 6/2020 JAMA Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Theoretical Considerations and Available Evidence 7/2020 JAMA Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The world should face the reality 6/2020 Airborne Coronavirus: What You Should Do Now 7/2020 Airborne viruses can spread on dust, non-respiratory particles 8/2020 Can the coronavirus spread through speech? 4/2020 CDC: COVID-19 Can Spread 13 Feet, Travel on Shoes; 4/2020 Coronavirus can travel twice as far as official safe distance and stay in air for 30 minutes, Chinese study finds 3/2020 SCMP.com Coronavirus Lingers in Air of Crowded Spaces, New Study Finds 4/2020 Coughs and sneezes travel farther than you think via @YouTube COVID-19 may spread through breathing and talking but we don't know how much. 4/2020 Speech-related spread could help explain why people can spread the virus before they develop a cough. COVID-19 Outbreak Associated with Air Conditioning in Restaurant, Guangzhou, China, 2020 7/2020 (Released 4/2020) Covid-19 spreads through the air. That is a big challenge for reopening 6/2020 Covid Is Airborne, Scientists Say. Now Authorities Think So, Too 5/2021 Everything You Wanted to Know About Air Purifiers and Coronavirus 11/2020 Here's how coronavirus spreads on a plane and the safest place to sit. Global travel opens new roads for outbreaks, like coronavirus and the flu but which is more dangerous, and how can you stay safe? 3/2020 NATGEO How airflow inside your car affects COVID-19 risk 12/2020 How Coronavirus Infected Some, but Not All, in a Restaurant A limited study by Chinese researchers suggests the role played by air currents in spreading the illness in enclosed spaces. 4/2020 How Did We Get Here: What Are Droplets and Aerosols and How Far Do They Go? A Historical Perspective on the Transmission of Respiratory Infectious Diseases 5/2021 How far can SARS-CoV-2 travel into the airways? A mathematical model shows it reaches deep into our lungs, and more to the right than the left. 6/2021 How Important Is Speech in Transmitting Coronavirus? 3/2020 ucdavis.edu How important is speech in transmitting coronavirus? 4/2020 How To Protect Yourself From Coronavirus That Can Linger In The Air 9/2020 Infected after 5 minutes, from 20 feet away: South Korea study shows coronavirus’ spread indoors 12/2020 It is Time to Address Airborne Transmission of COVID-19 7/2020 Is COVID-19 spread through the air? 7/2020.
Scientists say there's mounting evidence it can be. Measure the risk of airborne COVID-19 in your office, classroom, or bus ride 8/2020 Model: Face Masks Prevented Thousands of COVID-19 Cases. Researchers argue airborne transmission "dominant route for infection" 6/2020 Mounting Evidence Suggests Coronavirus Is Airborne but Health Advice Has Not Caught Up 7/2020 People are getting sick from coronavirus spreading through the air – and that's a big challenge for reopening 6/2020 Playing wind instruments generates less aerosol than vocalization, COVID-19 study finds 6/2021 Researchers link 'heavy wildfire smoke' in Reno to increased risk of contracting COVID-19 7/2021 Scientists Urge WHO To Update Guidance On Airborne Transmission Of The Coronavirus 7/2020 NPR 6 feet may not keep musicians safe during the pandemic 10/2020 Stay 6 Feet Apart, We're Told. But How Far Can Air Carry Coronavirus? Most of the big droplets travel a mere six feet. The role of tiny aerosols is the trillion-dollar question. 4/2020 Talking Can Generate Coronavirus Droplets That Linger Up to 14 Minutes 5/2020 The Coronavirus Is Airborne Indoors. Why Are We Still Scrubbing Surfaces? 11/2020 The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission 5/2020 The Coronavirus Can Be Airborne Indoors, W.H.O. Says 7/2020 The Coronavirus May Be Adrift in Indoor Air, C.D.C. Acknowledges 10/2020 The Flu May Linger in the Air, Just Like the Coronavirus 7/2020 The Scientist, the Air and the Virus 6/2020
The Shifting Paradigm of COVID-19 Airborne Transmission; Expert panel points to "circumstantial evidence," though research is evolving 8/2020 The 60-Year-Old Scientific Screwup That Helped Covid Kill. All pandemic long, scientists brawled over how the virus spreads. Droplets! No, aerosols! At the heart of the fight was a teensy error with huge consequences. 5/2021 Tree pollen carries SARS-CoV-2 particles farther, facilitates virus spread, study finds 6/2021 Turbulent Gas Clouds and Respiratory Pathogen Emissions - Potential Implications for Reducing Transmission of COVID-19 3/2020 Two meters distance might not be enough to avoid the spread of COVID-19 Social distance is important but also sneeze and cough etiquette 4/2020 Using a public restroom? Mask up! Flushing public restroom toilets or urinals can spew clouds of particles carrying viruses, including COVID-19 8/2020 Violent expiratory events: on coughing and sneezing 2/2014 Viral Load of SARS-CoV-2 in Respiratory Aerosols Emitted by COVID-19 Patients while Breathing, Talking, and Singing 8/2021 We Know Crowding Affects the Spread. It May Affect the Death Rate. Densely populated areas can have nearly twice the rate of transmission, and can make Covid-19 more deadly. Other areas can open more quickly. 4/2020 What airborne coronavirus means, and how to protect yourself
The COVID-19 pandemic has revived a decades-old debate about how respiratory diseases travel which affects the safety practices experts recommend. 8/2020 What is airborne transmission? WHO adds guidance on aerosols in coronavirus spread 7/2020 What We Know About Your Chances of Catching the Virus Outdoors 5/2020 When you cough, how far can it go? Physics suggests we should be distancing further. 5/2020 WHO Finally Admits Coronavirus Is Airborne. It’s Too Late 5/2020 Why the WHO took two years to say COVID is airborne 4/2022 Nature.com Why you should close the toilet lid. Study shows flushing creates clouds that can carry viruses 6/2020 WHO: The coronavirus may be airborne and could float beyond 6 feet in restaurants, bars, and other indoor locations 7/2020
Back to Table of Contents
Hand Dryer Concerns
Back to Table of Contents
Fecal-Oral Transmission
Back to Table of Contents
Fomite (Contact) Transmission
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/WebMD/status/1249276076146282496
Graphic source: https://www.newyorker.com/science/elements/from-bats-to-human-lungs-the-evolution-of-a-coronavirus
According to researchers at Rocky Mountain Laboratories, some viral particles remain viable up to four hours on copper, twenty-four hours on cardboard, and seventy-two hours on plastic and stainless steel, though the number of viable particles begins to decrease within minutes.
Household Transmission
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7109e1.htm
Are Young Children Super Spreaders of SARS-CoV-2 in Families? 9/2021 CDC: Vaccination Curbed, but Didn't Halt, Omicron in Households - Attack rates still highest among unvaccinated index cases 2/2022 Community transmission and viral load kinetics of the SARS-CoV-2 delta (B.1.617.2) variant in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals in the UK: a prospective, longitudinal, cohort study 10/2021 Lancet.com Coronavirus spreads quickly among household members, CDC report finds
The report noted that the age of the index patient didn't matter — adults, children and teens all spread the virus to others in their households. 10/2020 Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from Children and Adolescents 7/2021 NEJM If You Love Your Family, Stay the Hell Away From Them/ People are letting their guards down while visiting loved ones, and it's putting them and everyone else around them at risk. 8/2020 Kids sick with Covid are filling up children's hospitals in areas seeing spikes
Absolutely household infections are the beginning of this pandemic, that is a major driving force in the spread of infections. We see it often within households, parents to children a pediatrician said. 8/2021 SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant Transmission Within Households - Four U.S. Jurisdictions, November 2021–February 2022 2/2022 MMWR Transmission of SARS-COV-2 Infections in Households -Tennessee and Wisconsin, April-September 2020 10/2020
Back to Table of Contents
Person to Person (Droplet/Respiratory; Saliva) Transmission
(A) Schlieren image (visualization using light refraction caused by differences in air density) of a human cough, and (B) flash photo of a human sneeze
Graphic source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK143281/
Graphic source: https://cosmosmagazine.com/physics/when-you-cough-how-far-can-it-go
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-20-545SP
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-20-545SP
Determining the necessary spacing for effective social distancing, such as for riders in a subway car, can affect the extent of disease transmission. The shaded circle (top) shows the number of people who could be directly infected by droplets from a sick person.
Back to Table of Contents
Sexual Transmission (Being investigated)
Vertical Transmission
Zoonotic Transmission
Graphic source: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481551v1
Other Forms of Reported Transmission
Back to Table of Contents
Back to Table of Contents
Search Betty C. Jung's Web site
Search the Entire Internet
Back to Table of Contents
PUBLISHED ON THE WEB: March 30, 2020
Links
Back to Top
© Copyright 2020-2022 Betty C. Jung
5/2021
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7023e1.htm
![https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/04/health/covid-vaping-smoking.html COPD and smoking associated with higher COVID-19 mortality 5/2020 Coronavirus and Smoking WebMD COVID-19 Is More Severe in Smokers 5/2020 COVID Risk Up to 7 Times Higher for Young Vapers 8/2020 COVID-19, Smoking, and Vaping How smoking, vaping and drug use might increase risks from Covid-19 3/2020 Intensity of Past Smoking Linked to COVID-19 Severity - Dose-dependent relationship, independent of current smoking status 1/2021 Is there a smoker's paradox in COVID-19? 8/2020 BMJ NIDA Director outlines potential risks to people who smoke and use drugs during COVID-19 pandemic 2/2020 NIH.gov Smoking is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events, disease severity, and mortality among patients hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2 infections 7/2022 Smoking, Vaping and COVID-19: About the Connection and How to Quit Massgeneral.org Study reveals how smoking worsens COVID-19 infection in the airways 11/2020 Stanford Medcast: COVID-19 Mini-Series – Vaping 3/2021 Vaping linked to COVID-19 risk in teens and young adults, study finds 8/2020 Vaping linked to COVID-19 risk in teens and young adults 8/2020](https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/950816"> How Can COVID-19 Phenotypes Guide Care? </A> 6/2021 </B></LI>
</LI>
</UL>
<P><FONT COLOR=BLUE>Psychiatric Disorders </FONT COLOR>
<P>
<UL>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.medpagetoday.com/psychiatry/generalpsychiatry/98240">Psych Disorders Tied to More Breakthrough COVID Cases - Association in veterans appeared largely driven by those 65 and up </A> 4/2022 </B></LI>
</LI>
</UL>
<P><FONT COLOR=BLUE> Stroke </FONT COLOR>
<P>
<UL>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.cardiovascularbusiness.com/topics/covid-19/stroke-severity-mortality-higher-among-covid-19-patients"> Stroke severity, mortality higher among COVID-19 patients </A> 8/2021 </B></LI>
</LI>
</UL>
<P> <FONT COLOR=blue> Tobacco/Vaping </FONT COLOR>
<P>
<CENTER>
<IMG SRC="BG2021/WHO-COVIDTobacco.jpg" width=600 Alt="Covid and Tobacco">
<BR><FONT SIZE=1> Graphic source: https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/more-than-100-reasons-to-quit-tobacco </FONT SIZE>
</CENTER>
<P><I>"Experts have warned that the coronavirus — a respiratory pathogen — most likely capitalizes on the scarred lungs of smokers and vapers. Doctors and researchers are now starting to pinpoint the ways in which smoking and vaping seem to enhance the virus){kind=link}