Suggested Citation: Jung, B.C. (2020). COVID-19 Internet Resources.
https://www.bettycjung.net/COVID-19.htm
Mission: To provide a one-stop Web resource page with factual information about the COVID-19 Pandemic
According to PEW , social media users share COVID-19 information mostly from news sources (74%) and very little from health and science resources (1%). This could mean that people do not know where to look for credible science-based information about COVID-19.
On June 18, 2020, JAMA reported "Coronavirus disease 2019-related knowledge and behaviors were associated with race/ethnicity, sex, and age. African American participants, men, and people younger than 55 years were less likely to know how the disease is spread, were less likely to know the symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019, and left the home more often."
Furthermore, the prevalence of Coronavirus myths addressed by the World Health Organization indicates that there is much disinformation and misinformation on the Internet about the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Therefore, I have decided to create this resource page for those interested in learning more about the pandemic. It is my hope, as Master Certified Health Education Specialist (MCHES®), that you will be able get the credible information you need here to make the decisions you have to make to deal with the pandemic in your life. I am dedicated to keeping this page updated with vetted sources, and welcome your feedback. (July 6, 2020)
Table of Content (Major sections)
COVID-19 Pandemic
CDC has three numbers you should consider to know if you've been exposed to the coronavirus: If you've been within six feet of an infected person for at least 15 minutes starting from 48 hours before the infected person began feeling sick, you are considered to have been in close contact with the virus.
VIDEO
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Public Health Technical Reports
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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Visualization Sites
United States
Healthcare & Hospitalization
Connecticut
Other COVID-19 Trackers
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COVID-19 Research Information
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COVID-19 Databases, Registries, Repositories Back to Table of Contents
CDC & Other Federal Agency Guidance
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Public Health Issues
Graphic source; https://www.vox.com/2020/5/28/21270515/coronavirus-covid-reopen-economy-social-distancing-states-map-data
Graphic source; https://www.vox.com/2020/5/28/21270515/coronavirus-covid-reopen-economy-social-distancing-states-map-data
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Epidemiology of COVID-19
Infectious Disease Models
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-20-582SP
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-20-582SP
COVID-19 Wastewater Surveillance
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COVID-19 Outbreak
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6922e1.htm
Timeline Comparing the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreaks
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2762130
Graphic Source: NY Times Graphic, via @FelicityCarus #MackayIM
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COVID-19 Outbreak Trends
Graphic source; https://twitter.com/bettycjung/status/1282357711703887872
Graphic source: https://www.pressherald.com/2020/07/05/how-the-geography-of-the-pandemic-is-determined-by-centuries-old-regional-differences/
Graphic source:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/06/18/trump-claims-coronavirus-pandemic-is-ending-data-experts-disagree/
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/Risk/Our%20Insights/COVID%2019%20Implications%20for%20business/COVID%2019%20May%2027/COVID-19-Facts-and-Insights-June-1-vF.ashx
Percentage of emergency department (ED) visits for COVID-19-like illness (CLI), in 14 counties (three in California and Washington [A]; four in Illinois, Louisiana, Massachusetts, and Michigan [B]; and seven in New York [C]) -National Syndromic Surveillance System, February 1-April 7, 2020
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6922e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/21/global-coronavirus-cases-surpass-5-million-johns-hopkins-data-shows.html
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/EricTopol/status/1260659915816792064
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/yaneerbaryam/status/1256769252369072134
Graphic source: https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20200424/more-data-bolsters-higher-covid-prevalence
Graphic source: https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-coronavirus-cases-top-1-000-11583917794
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The Search for Patient Zero
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Zoonotic Origins
Animal source of the coronavirus continues to elude scientists 5/2020 Bat Coronaviruses in China 3/2019 Bats offer clues to treating COVID-19 7/2020. To combat COVID-19, we need to regulate our immune systems to resemble those of bats Bat origin of human coronaviruses 2015 Bat 'super immunity' may explain how bats carry coronaviruses, study finds. Bat-virus adaptation may explain species spillover, researchers say 5/2020 Bats Harbor Hundreds Of Coronaviruses, And Spillovers Aren't Rare 2/2020 COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin 3/2020 Dutch Minks Contract COVID-19 And Appear To Infect Humans 6/2020 Evolutionary history, potential intermediate animal host, and cross‐species analyses of SARS‐CoV‐2 2/2020 Evolution of pandemic coronavirus outlines path from animals to humans 5/2020
The virus's ability to change makes it likely that new human coronaviruses will arise From Bats to Human Lungs, the Evolution of a Coronavirus 3/2020 Global report: Wuhan lab says its bat strains were not Covid-19 as US nears 100,000 deaths 5/2020 How Humanity Unleashed a Flood of New Diseases 6/2020 New coronavirus can spread between humans—but it started in a wildlife market 1/2020 Novel coronavirus may have been transmitted to humans from snakes 1/2020 (Controversal) Newly emerged coronavirus did not spill over from scaly anteaters, researchers say 5/2020 Origin and cross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses in China 6/2020 Preventing the next pandemic - Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission U.N. Report 7/2020 Researchers trace coronavirus outbreak in China to snakes 1/2020 (Controversal, just including it for the sake of completeness) SARS-CoV-2 looks like a hybrid of viruses from two different species 6/2020 Pieces of several genomes recombined to produce the pandemic-causing pathogen. U.N. Predicts Rise In Diseases That Jump From Animals To Humans Due To Habitat Loss 7/2020 What are zoonotic diseases and what can we do about them? 5/2020 Why snakes probably aren't spreading the new China virus. One genetic analysis suggests reptilian reservoir — but researchers doubt that the coronavirus could have originated in animals other than birds or mammals. 1/2020 Why They're Called Wet Markets And What Health Risks They Might Pose 1/2020 Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses 2020
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COVID-19 in Animals
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6923e3.htm
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Genomic Sequencing Characteristics
Graphic source: https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2020/06/09/2008176117
Graphic source: https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2020/06/09/2008176117
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/30/science/coronavirus-mutations.html
Graphic source: Nature Briefing
Graphic source; https://www.zmescience.com/science/cells-infected-coronavirus-95362/
Video source: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/22/us/coronavirus-sequencing.html
Blood Type
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Genomics
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Genetic Mutations
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Case Definition
Graphic source: https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/927860
Graphic source: PriMed
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Contact Tracing
Graphic source for 3: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-sector/our-insights/contact-tracing-for-covid-19-new-considerations-for-its-practical-application
As the Virus Surged, Florida Partied. Tracking the Revelers Has Been Tough. 7/2020. With the coronavirus exploding, trying to trace the contacts of every positive case has become unrealistic in Florida, especially among elusive partygoers. Contact Tracing Contact tracing is key to slowing the spread of COVID-19 and helps keep you, your family, and your community safe. Contact Tracing CDC.gov Contact Tracing Part of a Multipronged Approach to Fight the COVID-19 Pandemic Contact Tracing: What We Can Learn From Outbreaks In Other Countries To Fight the Coronavirus | NPR via @YouTube Contact tracing, explained Contact tracing for COVID-19: New considerations for its practical application 5/2020 Escaping the coronavirus lockdown with test and trace. 4/2020 Epidemiologists believe that if it is properly employed, testing and tracing can allow the U.S. to open some businesses and relax social distancing requirements. Exposures Before Issuance of Stay-at-Home Orders Among Persons with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Colorado, March 2020 6/2020 MMWR Health Departments: Interim Guidance on Developing a COVID-19 Case Investigation & Contact Tracing Plan Identification and Monitoring of International Travelers During the Initial Phase of an Outbreak of COVID-19; California, February 3-March 17, 2020 MMWR 5/2020
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Disease Distribution
Graphic source: https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/06/16/age-of-covid-19-cases-dropping-in-california/
Graphic source; https://www.statista.com/chart/21173/hospitalization-icu-admission-and-fatality-rates-for-reported-coronavirus-cases/
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Disease Process
Graphic source: https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.2020201629
Graphic source; https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2768391
ACE2 is the target for the novel coronavirus
Graphic source: https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad200581
NeuroCovid Stages
Graphic source: https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad200581
Graphic source: https://www.livescience.com/covid-19-superspreader-singing.html (Image credit: Nicholas Forder)
AGE WELL: On average, as this chart reveals, chronic diseases increase with aging, which makes the elderly more susceptible to COVID-19. This deadly combination is a stark reminder, again, of doing our best to stay healthy.
Graphic course: http://nautil.us/issue/84/outbreak/how-covid_19-picks-on-the-weakened. Aging and the Epidemiology of Multimorbidity
Biologist: Sharing Enclosed Space Leads To Massive Spread Of Coronavirus 5/2020 Coronavirus 101: What you need to know - Our understanding of COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus, is evolving daily-but we do know some important basics. 3/2020 NATGEO Coronavirus Explained: What it does to your body that makes it so deadly 4/2020 Coronavirus: pathogen could have been spreading in humans for years, study says 3/2020 First Molecular Profiles of Severe COVID-19 Infections 6/2020 NIH.gov Here's Exactly How the New Coronavirus Affects Your Body 1/2020 How scientists know COVID-19 is way deadlier than the flu 7/2020 Natgeo How COVID-19 Picks on the Weakened: The wrath of the coronavirus. 3/2020 How The Coronavirus Attacks Your Lungs | Deep Look via @YouTube How the Coronavirus Could Take Over Your Body (Before You Ever Feel It) 3/2020 Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand 3/2020 It's Not Whether You Were Exposed to the Virus. It's How Much. 5/2020 The pathogen is proving a familiar adage: The dose makes the poison. ,B>
Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) A Review 7/2020
Preliminary Estimates of the Prevalence of Selected Underlying Health Conditions Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019-United States, February 12-March 28, 2020 3/2020 Scientists are trying to figure why Covid-19 hits some young, healthy people hard 4/2020 Solving a medical mystery and changing CDC screenings for COVID-19 What we learned from the first known community-acquired coronavirus case in the US 3/2020 Why Covid-19 is worse than the flu, in one chart 3/2020 Younger Adults Are Increasingly Testing Positive For The Coronavirus 6/2020
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Disease Severity
Vulnerable Populations
Graphic source: https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20200602/vulnerable-groups-weigh-risks-as-country-reopens
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp2009249
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Disease Statistics
Epidemic Curve of the Confirmed Cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2762130
Graphic source: statista.com/chart/21547/cumulative-covid-19-cases-in-the-us/
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Hospitalization Statistics
Graphic source: https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/slide/in-medicare-black-and-hispanic-individuals-account-for-disproportionate-share-of-covid-19-cases-and-hospitalizations/
Graphic source: https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/931633
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/older-adults.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6925e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/22018/coronavirus-pre-existing-conditions/
C.D.C. Releases Early Demographic Snapshot of Worst Coronavirus Cases 4/2020 Characteristics of Adult Outpatients and Inpatients with COVID-19 — 11 Academic Medical Centers, United States, March–May 2020 6/2020 Characteristics Associated with Hospitalization Among Patients with COVID-19 — Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, March–April 2020 6/2020 COVID-19: Healthcare Disparities 6/2020 Hospitalization Rates and Characteristics of Patients Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1 - 30, 2020 4/2020 Nearly All Patients Hospitalized With Covid-19 Had Chronic Health Issues, Study Finds Only 6 percent of patients at one New York area health system had no chronic conditions. Hypertension, obesity and diabetes were common. 4/2020 Researchers reveal substantial disparities in COVID-19 hospitalization and death rates among New York City boroughs 4/2020 Severe Outcomes Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) -United States, February 12-March 16, 2020 3/2020
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Death Statistics
Graphic source: https://www.axios.com/axios-ipsos-coronavirus-week-8-5a1947d5-9850-4e58-9583-9b617e6fdc1b.html
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Statistics Issues COVID-19 Test Reporting
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Data Reporting
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Death Statistics
A Coronavirus Mystery Explained: Moscow Has 1,700 Extra Deaths. Russia's government has boasted of a low coronavirus mortality rate, but figures from an obscure city agency cast doubt on those claims. 5/2020
Challenges Estimating Total Lives Lost in COVID-19 Decisions 7/2020. Consideration of Mortality Related to Unemployment, Social Isolation, and Depression Deaths in New York City Are More Than Double the Usual Total 4/2020 How Many Covid Deaths? Don't Ask President Trump. The president has expressed skepticism about the fatality figures reported to him by his own experts. 5/2020 How many died? Different ways of counting make the COVID-19 tally elusive "It becomes fairly random, and we're basically at that point," N.Y. Gov. Andrew Cuomo said. 6/2020 Study: 35 percent of excess deaths in pandemic's early months tied to causes other than COVID-19 7/2020 The Difficulty Of Counting the COVID-19 Pandemic's Full Death Toll 6/2020 U.S. deaths soared in early weeks of pandemic, far exceeding number attributed to covid-19 4/2020 Why Do Countries' COVID-19 Death Rates Vary So Much? Multiple factors at play: testing capacity, case definitions, age distribution, preparedness 5/2020 Why we still don't know how deadly this new coronavirus is 2/2020. Without the mortality rate, it’s hard to decide how to respond and prepare for a worsening outbreak. Why We Don't Know the True Death Rate for Covid-19 4/2020 Determining what percentage of those infected by the coronavirus will die is a key question for epidemiologists, but an elusive one during the pandemic. Worst-Case Estimates for U.S. Coronavirus Deaths 3/2020
Incomplete/Missing Demographics and Variables
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Prevalence Data
Probable Cases/Excess Deaths
Undercounting
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COVID-19 Risk Factors
Graphic source: Texas Medical Association
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/older-adults.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/COVID19-What-You-Can-Do-High-Risk.pdf
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp2009249
10 Things That Increase Your Risk of Coronavirus Complications Alzheimer's Gene Linked to Severe COVID-19 Risk 5/2020 Black individuals at higher risk for contracting COVID-19, according to new research 7/2020
Canadian study finds temperature, latitude not associated with COVID-19 spread 5/2020 Cancer Immunotherapy Tied to Severe COVID-19 Outcomes; Nearly threefold increased risk of hospitalization, severe respiratory illness Can I Catch It Through My Eyes? Will Goggles Help? 5/2020 CDC: Age Nothing But a Number for COVID-19 Risks; Underlying conditions for people at any age more important, agency says 6/2020 Contracting COVID-19: lifestyle and social connections may play a role 7/2020 COPD and smoking associated with higher COVID-19 mortality 5/2020 Coronavirus and Pneumonia 4/2020
Coronavirus targets homeless shelters in the US 4/2020 Coronavirus: What People with Cancer Should Know Cancer.gov COVID-19 crisis: Millions of US workers at risk of infections on the job 4/2020 COVID-19: High-Risk Groups and Special Populations 4/2020 COVID-19 Is More Severe in Smokers 5/2020 COVID-19 Killing African Americans at Shocking Rates 5/2020. Wildly disproportionate mortality highlights need to address longstanding inequities COVID-19 may trigger new diabetes, experts warn 6/2020 COVID-19 Mortality Spikes in Patients With Lung, Blood Cancers. 4/2020. Those with metastatic disease also at special risk for poor outcomes COVID-19, Smoking, and Vaping COVID-19: Why Are People With Diabetes at Increased Risk? 5/2020 Crowded homes, poor neighborhoods linked to COVID-19 6/2020 FAQs About COVID-19 4/2020 Groups at Higher Risk for Severe Illness 4/2020 Heartburn medication tied to higher COVID-19 risk — but don’t panic 7/2020 HIV and The New Coronavirus How smoking, vaping and drug use might increase risks from Covid-19 3/2020 Is Taking Aspirin Good for Your Heart? Large Vessel Strokes in Younger Patients Tied to COVID-19, 4/2020. Presenting symptom of coronavirus infection for some Link identified between dietary selenium and outcome of Covid-19 disease 4/2020 Miscarriage and Maternal Mortality in Pregnant COVID-19 Patients; Risk is unknown but nonzero 5/2020 More Vitamin D, Lower Risk of Severe COVID-19? 5/2020 NIDA Director outlines potential risks to people who smoke and use drugs during COVID-19 pandemic 2/2020 NIH.gov NYU scientists: Largest US study of COVID-19 finds obesity the single biggest 'chronic' factor in New York City's hospitalizations 4/2020 ZDNET.com Obese COVID Patients More Likely to Have Pulmonary Embolism, Even Outside the ICU 6/2020 Obesity Linked to Severe Coronavirus Disease, Especially for Younger Patients 4/2020 Obesity one of the biggest risk factors in COVID-19 hospitalizations, study suggests 4/2020 Older Adults CDC.gov People With O Blood Type Appear to Have a Lower Risk of Catching Coronavirus, Preliminary Study Says 6/2020 People of Any Age with Underlying Medical Conditions 6/2020 Preliminary Estimates of the Prevalence of Selected Underlying Health Conditions Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019-United States, February 12-March 28, 2020 3/2020 MMWR Scientists link vitamin D deficiencies to higher COVID-19 mortality rates 4/2020 Smoking, Vaping and COVID-19: About the Connection and How to Quit Massgeneral.org Study of 17 Million Identifies Crucial Risk Factors for Coronavirus Deaths 7/2020. The largest study yet confirms that race, ethnicity, age and sex can raise a person’s chances of dying from Covid-19. The Covid-19 Riddle: Why Does the Virus Wallop Some Places and Spare Others? 5/2020 This One Thing Could Make You More Likely to Die From Coronavirus 6/2020 Vitamin D levels appear to play role in COVID-19 mortality rates. 5/2020. Patients with severe deficiency are twice as likely to experience major complications What Is the Real Coronavirus Toll in Each State? 5/2020 Who With Diabetes Are at Most Risk? 6/2020 Why Is COVID-19 Striking Men Harder Than Women? 5/2020
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COVID-19 Incubation Period Nature: Estimated that the incubation period for COVID-19 before the onset of symptoms was 5.2 days. Viral loads for COVID-19 were highest shortly after the onset of symptoms and then gradually decreased toward the detection limit by day 21. Sex, age, and disease severity did not substantially affect these findings.
The authors estimated that infectiousness of COVID-19 began 2.3 days before the onset of symptoms and peaked at 0.7 days after symptom onset. They further estimated that up to 44% of cases of COVID-19 could be a result of viral transmission before the onset of symptoms.
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp2009575
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COVID-19 Symptoms
Graphic source; https://salud-america.org/coronavirus-case-rates-and-death-rates-for-latinos-in-the-united-states/
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of previous or current SARS-CoV-2 infection, by individual symptoms among service members reporting at least one symptom (n = 284) — USS Theodore Roosevelt, April 2020 (June 2020)
Graphic soruce: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6923e4.htm
Graphic source: https://int.nyt.com/data/documenthelper/6926-mayhhsbriefing/af7319f4a55fd0ce5dc9/optimized/full.pdf#page=1
Updated CDC COVID-19 symptom list (4/27/2020)
Graphic source: https://heavy.com/news/2020/04/early-symptoms-coronavirus-covid-19/
Loss of Smell
Graphic source: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00210#
AAO-HNS: Anosmia, Hyposmia, and Dysgeusia Symptoms of Coronavirus Disease 3/2020 About Half of COVID-19 Cases Show Digestive Signs 3/2020 Alterations in Smell or Taste in Mildly Symptomatic Outpatients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection 4/2020 Chinese Study: Some Mild COVID-19 Cases Have Only GI Symptoms About 19% with digestive issues experienced diarrhea as the first symptom of COVID-19 4/2020 Coronavirus symptoms: What are they and how do I protect myself? BBC.com 6/2020 Diarrhea is first sign of illness for some COVID-19 patients 3/2020 Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 Entry Proteins, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, in Cells of the Olfactory Epithelium: Identification of Cell Types and Trends with Age 5/2020 From Loss Of Smell To 'COVID Toes': What Experts Are Learning About Symptoms 5/2020 GI and Hepatic Symptoms Call for COVID-19 Testing. Liver injury, in particular, could lead to poor clinical outcomes 5/2020 Inflamed brains, toe rashes, strokes: Why COVID-19's weirdest symptoms are only emerging now 5/2020 Little Known About COVID Patients' Loss of Smell 4/2020 Lost Sense of Smell May Be Peculiar Clue to Coronavirus Infection 3/2020 Skin Rashes: An Emerging Symptom of COVID-19: What clinicians need to know about cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 4/2020 Smell and Taste Issues Unlikely to Linger After COVID-19 7/2020 Smell Diminishes by Day 3 of COVID-19, Study Says 5/2020 What are COVID toes? Dermatologists, podiatrists share strange findings 3/2020 What it's like to suffer from the coronavirus's weirdest symptom 4/2020 What are the symptoms of COVID-19 What Is Covid Toe? 5/2020 Maybe a Strange Sign of Coronavirus Infection Dermatologists say the lesions should prompt testing for the virus, even though many patients have no other symptoms
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COVID-19 Transmission Transmission Routes
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp2009249
Current Sites of COVID-19 cases
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2767010
Potential Sites for future COVID-19 cases
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2767010
Reproduction Number
"To determine when an outbreak had been contained, scientists look at case counts and determine the reproduction number, a measurement that shows how many people will be infected by one infectious person. If the reproduction number drops below 1, scientists consider the outbreak contained."
R-naught - the theory R-naught - the reality of superspreaders
Source: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/22/well/live/coronavirus-pandemic-memorial-day-picnics-bbqs.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6926e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-researchers-show-how-covid-19-super-spreaders-are-a-big-part-of-the-problem/">
Reich and colleagues show that even for the same "R," transmission rate, on average, infections can rise faster with a higher "gamma," the measure of how many "degrees" of contacts a person in the society has -- the super-spreaders.
Graphic source: https://cosmosmagazine.com/biology/measuring-different-responses-to-covid-19
Graphic source; https://www.vox.com/2020/1/28/21079946/coronavirus-china-wuhan-deaths-pandemic
Graphic source: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/05/coronavirus-how-to-measure-your-nation-response-cvd/"
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Asymptomatic/Pre-symptomatic (Silent Spreader/Stealth) Transmission
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2001468
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6923e4.htm
An enduring coronavirus mystery: Why do only some get sick? 6/2020. Months into a pandemic that has killed nearly 500,000 people worldwide, scientists are still trying to answer crucial questions about the coronavirus. Asymptomatic and Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Residents of a Long-Term Care Skilled Nursing Facility - King County, Washington, March 2020 MMWR 3/2020 Asymptomatic COVID-19 cases may be more common than suspected The problem? Even without symptoms, people can still spread the virus. 5/2020 Asymptomatic COVID-19 Transmission in China Confirmed? 2/2020 Asymptomatic spread makes testing key for COVID-19 fight 5/2020 Asymptomatic people may be fueling the coronavirus spread 4/2020 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report 73 Pre-symptomatic and Presymptomatic transmission April 3, 2020 WHO.int Coronavirus may be most infectious when symptoms are mildest, small study finds 4/2020 Coronavirus Spreads Quickly and Sometimes Before People Have Symptoms, Study Finds 3/2020 Coronavirus spreads quickly and sometimes before people have symptoms, study finds 3/2020 Covert coronavirus infections could be seeding new outbreaks 3/2020 COVID-19: in the footsteps of Ernest Shackleton 5/2020 Cruise ship 81% asymptomatic! COVID-19 spread is fueled by 'stealth transmission'. Cases of COVID-19 that fly under the radar without being diagnosed appear to fuel the rapid spread of the disease. 3/2020 Did you already have coronavirus in January or February? 4/2020 As many as 45% of people infected with COVID-19 have no symptoms, and they may play a major role in the spread of the virus, according to a new study. 6/2020 Covid-19: Four in 10 cases in Italian town that locked down early were asymptomatic 7/2020 Half of Singapore's new COVID-19 cases are symptomless, taskforce head says 6/2020 Hidden Outbreaks Spread Through U.S. Cities Far Earlier Than Americans Knew, Estimates Say 5/2020 How COVID Silent Spreaders May Be Infecting Others 4/2020 How does the new coronavirus spread? These new studies offer clues. 3/2020 How much is coronavirus spreading under the radar? 3/2020 How Stealth transmission is fueling the rapid spread of Covid-19, according to experts 3/2020 How the World Missed Covid-19's Silent Spread 6/2020 How to identify factors affecting COVID-19 transmission 3/2020 Indirect Virus Transmission in Cluster of COVID-19 Cases, Wenzhou, China, 2020 6/2020 Infected but Feeling Fine: The Unwitting Coronavirus Spreaders 4/2020 Infected people without symptoms might be driving the spread of coronavirus more than we realized 3/2020 In four US prisons, thousands of inmates are testing positive and 96% are asymptomatic 4/2020 In the W.H.O.'s Coronavirus Stumbles, Some Scientists See a Pattern 6/2020 It's not just people with symptoms who can spread COVID-19 3/2020 Over 85% of COVID-19 Infections in China Went Undetected Early On 3/2020. Number of mild or asymptomatic infections emphasizes need for mitigation measures People might be most infectious with coronavirus before they show symptoms, study suggests 4/2020 Presymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 -Singapore, January 23-March 16, 2020 4/2020 MMWR Prevalence of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection A Narrative Review 6/2020 Rapid spread of COVID-19 is fueled by 'stealth transmission' 3/2020 SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Serologic Responses from a Sample of U.S. Navy Service Members, USS Theodore Roosevelt, April 2020 6/2020 'Stealth Transmission' Fuels Fast Spread of Coronavirus Outbreak 3/2020 Study: 17.9% Of People With COVID-19 Coronavirus Had No Symptoms 3/2020 Substantial Undocumented Infection Facilitates the Rapid Dissemination of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) 3/2020 The natural history and transmission potential of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection 6/2020 Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany 3/2020 NEJM We Still Don't Fully Understand The Label 'Asymptomatic' 6/2020 What Does Asymptomatic COVID-19 Look Like Under the Surface? Many individuals show subclinical abnormalities as well as differences from symptomatic patients 6/2020 What We Know About The Silent Spreaders Of COVID-19 4/2020 What We Need to Understand About Asymptomatic Carriers if We're Going to Beat Coronavirus 4/2020 WHO Creates 'Confusion' About Asymptomatic Spread. Here's What We Know 6/2020 WHO Says Asymptomatic Spread Of Coronavirus 'Very Rare,' But Experts Raise Questions 6/2020
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Superspreader Events (SSEs)
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/20/health/airflow-coronavirus-restaurants.html
Chinese Restaurant transmission
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915e1.htm
Funeral community transmission
CDC - Korean Call Center - Blue = infected with COVID-19
Graphic source: https://www.vox.com/21262268/coronavirus-tips-covid-social-distancing-harm-reduction
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6920e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/21699/coronavirus-outbreak-in-ischgl/"
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/21697/contact-tracing-response-seoul-south-korea-covid-19/
Graphic source: https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-researchers-show-how-covid-19-super-spreaders-are-a-big-part-of-the-problem/
Reich and colleagues construct graphs of people in their various states of infection and the like among people, to simulate how COVID-19 spreads. Caption from the article: "Contact tracing. Some share of the neighbors of a node which tests positive are traced and tested themselves." Reich et al. 2020
Graphic source: https://cosmosmagazine.com/biology/how-social-distancing-flattens-the-curve-of-coronavirus
This graph shows how an epidemic might spread across a network over time. Blue dots are susceptible individuals, while red dots are infected people. Two dots are connected by a line if they are in contact with each other, and the more contacts a person has, the bigger their dot is on the network. Author provided
Infected people are red nodes, and susceptible people are blue. The large node in the middle of the diagram is a super-spreader, a person who connects with many others, and thus has more potential to spread the disease.
Graphic source: https://quillette.com/2020/04/23/covid-19-superspreader-events-in-28-countries-critical-patterns-and-lessons/
Timeline of events and symptom onsets, by day of investigation, in a cluster of COVID-19 likely transmitted at two family gatherings - Chicago, Illinois, February-March 2020
Video source: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/14/us/coronavirus-updates.html
A person who was Covid-19 positive attended a church service and exposed 180 people 5/2020 Bars, Strip Clubs and Churches: U.S. Virus Outbreaks Enter Unwieldy Phase 6/2020 Clusters of Coronavirus Disease in Communities, Japan, January–April 2020 6/2020 Community Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at Two Family Gatherings Chicago, Illinois, February-March 2020 4/2020 Coronavirus Ravaged a Choir. But Isolation Helped Contain It. 5/2020 Coronavirus Testing In Boston's Homeless Community Shows Shelter Size And Density Matter 5/2020 COVID-19 Outbreak Among College Students After a Spring Break Trip to Mexico Austin, Texas, March 26-April 5, 2020 MMWR 7/2020 COVID-19 Superspreader Events in 28 Countries: Critical Patterns and Lessons 4/2020 Days After a Funeral in a Georgia Town, Coronavirus Hit Like a Bomb 6/2020. A mourner came to Albany, Ga., to attend the funeral of a retired janitor. After a pause while the infections incubated, the virus swept through the community. Dozens of persons in Shinjuku's sex industry infected with coronavirus 4/2020 Ford temporarily closed its Chicago Assembly Plant after two employees test positive for COVID-19 a day after reopening 5/2020 Google researchers: COVID-19 super-spreaders are a big part of the problem 5/2020 High COVID-19 Attack Rate Among Attendees at Events at a Church, Arkansas, March 2020 5/2020 How a Premier U.S. Drug Company Became a Virus Super Spreader Biogen employees unwittingly spread the coronavirus from Massachusetts to Indiana, Tennessee and North Carolina. 4/2020 NYT How a superspreader at choir practice sickened 52 people with COVID-19 5/2020 How Coronavirus Infected Some, but Not All, in a Restaurant, A limited study by Chinese researchers suggests the role played by air currents in spreading the illness in enclosed spaces. 4/2020 How Ischgl Set Off A Coronavirus Avalanche 5/2020 How large superspreader events turned into coronavirus hot spots. This is why large gatherings should be the last normal activity to come back after Covid-19 is contained. 5/2020 How Superspreading Events Drive Most COVID-19 Spread. 6/2020, As few as 10 percent of infected people may drive a whopping 80 percent of cases, in specific types of situations Intense fitness classes can lead to rapid spread of COVID-19, report shows 5/2020 Most People With Coronavirus Won't Spread It. Why Do a Few Infect Many? 6/2020 One Infected Clubgoer Triggers Massive Response 5/2020 Party Zero: How a Soiree in Connecticut Became a Super Spreader 3/2020 NYT Police Tactics Are Putting Protesters at Higher COVID Transmission Risk. 6/2020. Cops are forgoing masks and other PPE, and violating protesters' boundaries by pulling masks down, forcing them into crowded spaces, and more. Protests Pose Particular Risks for COVID-19 Transmission. 6/2020. Not just lack of social distancing, but increased droplet contact, tear gas could be factors Spring Breaker Who Vowed To Party Despite Coronavirus Concerns Has Apologized 3/2020 The Coronavirus's Rampage Through a Suburban Nursing Home 3/2020 NYT Two churches reclose after faith leaders and congregants get coronavirus 5/2020 What's A 'Super-Spreading Event'? And Has It Happened With COVID-19? 2/2020 Why Are Some People So Much More Infectious Than Others? 4/2020 Why COVID-19 Flare-Ups Will Keep Happening 5/2020
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Transmission Over Time
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2767010
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0869-5
a, Schematic of the relation between different time periods in the transmission of infectious disease. b, Human-to-human transmission pairs of SAR-CoV-2 virus (N=77). We assumed a maximum exposure window of 21 days prior to symptom onset of the secondary cases. Detailed information on the transmission pairs and the source of information is summarized in Supplementary Tables 2 and 3. c, Estimated serial interval distribution (top), inferred infectiousness profile (middle) and assumed incubation period (bottom) of COVID-19.
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0869-5
Viral load (threshold cycle (Ct) values) detected by RT–PCR (PCR with reverse transcription) in throat swabs from patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 (N=94), overall and stratified by disease severity, sex, age group and link to Hubei province. The detection limit was Ct = 40, which was used to indicate negative samples. The thick lines show the trend in viral load, using smoothing splines. We added some noise to the data points to avoid overlaps.
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Air (Airborne)Transmission
VIDEO
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/tukkerloo/status/1237078414416281605
Graphic source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041202031254X?via%3Dihub
Graphic source:
https://cosmosmagazine.com/science/physics/heres-why-you-should-close-the-toilet-lid/
Left: Vortex caused by common annular flushing. Right: Large-scale spread of virus particles after flushing. Credit: J-X Wang
Graphic source: https://boston.cbslocal.com/2020/05/12/coronavirus-spread-restaurant-airflow-erin-bromage/
Graphic shows how coronavirus spreads through air (Image credit University of Oregon)
Graphic source: https://api.nationalgeographic.com/distribution/public/amp/science/2020/01/how-coronavirus-spreads-on-a-plane
Transmission of Viruses in Droplets and Aerosols (part 1) Transmission of Viruses in Droplets and Aerosols (part 2) Transmission of Viruses in Droplets and Aerosols (part 3) Transmission of Viruses in Droplets and Aerosols (Part 4) Youtube 239 Experts With One Big Claim: The Coronavirus Is Airborne 7/2020 Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals 4/2020 Aerosol and Surface Distribution of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Hospital Wards, Wuhan, China, 2020 4/2020 Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1 3/2020 Aerosol Scientist: COVID-19 Is Likely Airborne 6/2020 Airborne Coronavirus Detected in Wuhan Hospitals 5/2020 Airborne Spread of SARS-CoV-2 and a Potential Role for Air Disinfection 6/2020 JAMA Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The world should face the reality 6/2020 Airborne Coronavirus: What You Should Do Now 7/2020 Can you get COVID-19 through the ventilation in your home? 5/2020 Can the coronavirus spread through speech? 4/2020 CDC: COVID-19 Can Spread 13 Feet, Travel on Shoes; 4/2020 Coronavirus can travel twice as far as official safe distance and stay in air for 30 minutes, Chinese study finds 3/2020 SCMP.com Coronavirus Lingers in Air of Crowded Spaces, New Study Finds 4/2020 Coughs and sneezes travel farther than you think via @YouTube COVID-19 may spread through breathing and talking but we don't know how much. 4/2020 Speech-related spread could help explain why people can spread the virus before they develop a cough. COVID-19 Outbreak Associated with Air Conditioning in Restaurant, Guangzhou, China, 2020 7/2020 (Released 4/2020) Covid-19 spreads through the air. That is a big challenge for reopening 6/2020 Does air conditioning spread the coronavirus? 6/2020. The question comes as states are allowing indoor businesses to reopen, as well as allowing increasingly large gatherings of people. Here's how coronavirus spreads on a plane—and the safest place to sit. Global travel opens new roads for outbreaks, like coronavirus and the flu—but which is more dangerous, and how can you stay safe? 3/2020 NATGEO How Coronavirus Infected Some, but Not All, in a Restaurant A limited study by Chinese researchers suggests the role played by air currents in spreading the illness in enclosed spaces. 4/2020 How Important Is Speech in Transmitting Coronavirus? 3/2020 ucdavis.edu How important is speech in transmitting coronavirus? 4/2020 It is Time to Address Airborne Transmission of COVID-19 7/2020 Is COVID-19 spread through the air? 7/2020.
Scientists say there's mounting evidence it can be. Model: Face Masks Prevented Thousands of COVID-19 Cases. Researchers argue airborne transmission "dominant route for infection" 6/2020 Mounting Evidence Suggests Coronavirus Is Airborne—but Health Advice Has Not Caught Up 7/2020 NIST Airflow Model Could Help Reduce Indoor Exposure to Aerosols Carrying Coronavirus 6/2020 People are getting sick from coronavirus spreading through the air – and that’s a big challenge for reopening 6/2020 Scientists Urge WHO To Update Guidance On Airborne Transmission Of The Coronavirus 7/2020 NPR Stay 6 Feet Apart, We're Told. But How Far Can Air Carry Coronavirus? Most of the big droplets travel a mere six feet. The role of tiny aerosols is the “trillion-dollar question. 4/2020 Talking Can Generate Coronavirus Droplets That Linger Up to 14 Minutes 5/2020 The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission 5/2020 The Coronavirus Can Be Airborne Indoors, W.H.O. Says 7/2020 The Scientist, the Air and the Virus 6/2020 Turbulent Gas Clouds and Respiratory Pathogen Emissions - Potential Implications for Reducing Transmission of COVID-19 3/2020 Two meters distance might not be enough to avoid the spread of COVID-19 Social distance is important but also sneeze and cough etiquette 4/2020 Violent expiratory events: on coughing and sneezing 2/2014 We Know Crowding Affects the Spread. It May Affect the Death Rate.
Densely populated areas can have nearly twice the rate of transmission, and can make Covid-19 more deadly. Other areas can open more quickly. 4/2020 What is airborne transmission? WHO adds guidance on aerosols in coronavirus spread 7/2020 What We Know About Your Chances of Catching the Virus Outdoors 5/2020 When you cough, how far can it go? Physics suggests we should be distancing further. 5/2020 Why you should close the toilet lid. Study shows flushing creates clouds that can carry viruses 6/2020 WHO: The coronavirus may be airborne and could float beyond 6 feet in restaurants, bars, and other indoor locations 7/2020
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Hand Dryer Concerns
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Fecal-Oral Transmission
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Fomite (Contact) Transmission
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/WebMD/status/1249276076146282496
Graphic source: https://www.newyorker.com/science/elements/from-bats-to-human-lungs-the-evolution-of-a-coronavirus
According to researchers at Rocky Mountain Laboratories, some viral particles remain viable up to four hours on copper, twenty-four hours on cardboard, and seventy-two hours on plastic and stainless steel, though the number of viable particles begins to decrease within minutes.
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Person to Person (Droplet/Respiratory) Transmission
Graphic source: https://cosmosmagazine.com/physics/when-you-cough-how-far-can-it-go
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-20-545SP
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-20-545SP
Determining the necessary spacing for effective social distancing, such as for riders in a subway car, can affect the extent of disease transmission. The shaded circle (top) shows the number of people who could be directly infected by droplets from a sick person.
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Sexual Transmission (Being investigated)
Vertical Transmission
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COVID-19 Testing Collection and Analysis of Testing Data
Data Sources
Data Analysis
Graphic source: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/06/30/883703403/as-coronavirus-surges-how-much-testing-does-your-state-need-to-subdue-the-virus
Adequacy of Testing
"The rate of positivity is an important indicator because it can provide insights into whether a community is conducting enough testing to find cases. If a community’s positivity is high, it suggests that that community may largely be testing the sickest patients and possibly missing milder or asymptomatic cases. A lower positivity may indicate that a community is including in its testing patients with milder or no symptoms. The WHO has said that in countries that have conducted extensive testing for COVID-19, would remain at 5% or lower for at least 14 days."
Graphic source: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/06/30/883703403/as-coronavirus-surges-how-much-testing-does-your-state-need-to-subdue-the-virus
Testing Basics
Types of Testing
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/Risk/Our%20Insights/COVID%2019%20Implications%20for%20business/COVID%2019%20May%2027/COVID-19-Facts-and-Insights-June-1-vF.ashx
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-20-584SP
Testing Strategy
Timing of Testing
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/FDAHealthEquity/status/1245036877515759619
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2765837
Molecular (CRISPR/Nucleic Acid/PCR) Testing
Serologic (Antigen/Antibody) Testing
Testing Integrity
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Immunity
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/707975.pdf
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/707975.pdf
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/05/28/upshot/coronavirus-herd-immunity.html
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Vaccine Development
Graphic source: https://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/What-you-need-to-know-about-the-COVID-19-vaccine
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-20-583SP
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-20-583SP
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COVID-19 Testing Issues
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/BillKarins/status/1247848309114523648/photo/1
Graphic source: https://nationalpostcom.files.wordpress.com/2020/04/na0407-covid-19-testing-by-country.png
Inadequate Testing/Testing Capacity
Laboratory Reporting
Missed Testing
Test Quality
Test Strategy
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General Prevention Measures Rule of thumb: If you can't remember the names of the people you spent time with in the past 5 days, at close distance (<6 feet), for more than 15 minutes, without wearing a mask, you have probably placed yourself at risk of contracting coronavirus.(Betty C. Jung) https://twitter.com/bettycjung/status/1276687102332358658
Graphic source: https://www.webmd.com/lung/coronavirus-transmission-overview
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/21882/chance-of-covid-19-transmission/
Graphic source: https://www.vox.com/2020/5/22/21266756/coronavirus-pandemic-covid-risks-social-distancing-chart
Graphic source: https://www.bmj.com/content/369/8243
Graphic source: https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2020/3/26/21192211/coronavirus-covid-19-social-distancing-end
Graphic source: https://content-design.statista.com/the-new-normal/
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/if-you-are-sick/steps-when-sick.html
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Consumer Information
Disinfection
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Face Masks, Face Shields & Respiratory Protection Importantly, uncovered emulated coughs were able to travel noticeably farther than the currently recommended 6-foot distancing guideline. Without a mask, droplets traveled more than 8 feet; with a bandana, they traveled 3 feet, 7 inches; with a folded cotton handkerchief, they traveled 1 foot, 3 inches; with the stitched quilting cotton mask, they traveled 2.5 inches; and with the cone-style mask, droplets traveled about 8 inches.
When the mannequin was not fitted with a mask, they projected droplets much farther than the 6-foot distancing guidelines currently recommended by the CDC. The researchers observed droplets traveling up to 12 feet within approximately 50 seconds. Moreover, the tracer droplets remained suspended midair for up to three minutes in the quiescent environment. These observations, in combination with other recent studies, suggest that current social-distancing guidelines may need to be updated to account for aerosol-based transmission of pathogens.
VIDEO
Graphic source: WebMD
Graphic source: https://time.com/5819527/babies-face-masks-thailand/
Graphic source: https://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h694/infographic
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/21687/share-of-the-public-who-have-worn-a-face-mask-in-public/
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/21322/purpose-and-protective-effect-of-selected-face-masks/
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/WebMD/status/1253904079224541184
5 Myths About Coronavirus and Face Masks, Debunked 6/2020 7 Signs You Need to Replace Your Face Mask ASAP 4/2020 Advice on the Use of Masks in the Context of COVID-19 4/2020 Anyone Living in Areas With Widespread COVID-19 Transmission Should Wear Masks, WHO Says WHO 6/2020 Cloth Face Coverings: Questions and Answers CDC.gov 4/2020 Cloth masks can help stop the spread of COVID-19, save lives and restore jobs #Masks4All Considerations for Wearing Cloth Face Covering 6/2020 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: When and how to use masks WHO Coronavirus: Which Mask Should You Wear? COVID-19: How much protection do face masks offer? Do face masks really reduce coronavirus spread? Experts have mixed answers. 4/2020 Effectiveness of Surgical and Cotton Masks in Blocking SARS-CoV-2: A Controlled Comparison in 4 Patients 4/2020 Annals.org Efficacy of Face Shields Against Cough Aerosol Droplets From a Cough Simulator 2014 Everything you need to know about face masks | COVID-19 Special Experts: A mask cuts your coronavirus risk by 65% 7/2020 Face Coverings Made From Layered Cotton Fabric Likely Slow the Spread of COVID-19 Better Than Synthetics, New Study Finds 6/2020 Facemasks for the prevention of infection in healthcare and community settings BMJ.com 2015 Homemade masks can work, physics suggests; But don't expect a bandana to do the job. 6/2020 How Effective Are Face Masks? How to Safely Wash and Dry Fabric Masks 5/2020 It's Official: CDC Recommends Public Wear Face Masks, Stresses use of cloth coverings, not medical grade, for ordinary people 4/2020 Masks And The Outdoor Exerciser: Advice For Runners, Bikers, Walkers, Hikers 6/2020 Moving Personal Protective Equipment Into the Community, Face Shields and Containment of COVID-19 4/2020 National mandate on mask-wearing could work better than lockdowns, new report suggests 6/2020 "A national mask mandate could increase U.S. face mask usage by statistically significant and economically large amounts," the report concluded. Quilting Cotton Face Masks Better Than Bandanas 6/2020 Respiratory Protection During Outbreaks: Respirators versus Surgical Masks NIOSH Seeing is Believing; The Effectiveness of Facemasks 7/2020 Seeing is Believing: Researchers Test Effectiveness of Facemasks and Social Distancing youtube The evidence for everyone wearing masks, explained 3/2020 The Psychology Behind Why Some People Refuse To Wear Face Masks 6/2020. As coronavirus cases spike, those who refuse to wear face coverings remain as firm in their choice as ever. Here's what psychologists say is driving their behavior. Unsure About Actually Wearing a Face Mask? Here is How (and Why) to Do It. Tips for wearing one properly + how to wash it 4/2020 Use of Cloth Face Coverings to Help Slow the Spread of COVID-19 CDC.gov Want a Silver Bullet for COVID-19? Look to The Lone Ranger 7/2020 Wearing a mask can significantly reduce coronavirus transmission, study on hamsters claims 5/2020 Wearing Face Masks and Social Distancing Actually Work to Contain COVID-19, According to a New Study 6/2020 Time.com What face masks actually do against coronavirus What is a mask valve, and why are cities banning them? You're Getting Used to Masks. Will You Wear a Face Shield? 5/2020 WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 5 June 2020 6/2020 Widespread facemask use could shrink the 'R' number and prevent a second COVID-19 wave 6/2020
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Handwashing
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/when-how-handwashing.html
Mental Health and Wellness
Graphic source: https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/how-you-can-make-difference-during-coronavirus-pandemic
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Nutrition
Sanitizers
Self-care
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Sexual Relationships
Graphic source: @OHAOregon
Sheltering in Place/Lockdowns/Quarantine
Graphic source: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200617194510.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/10Things.pdf
Social Distancing
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/large-events/considerations-for-events-gatherings.html
Graphic: Medpage
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/20/us/coronavirus-distancing-deaths.html
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/20/us/coronavirus-distancing-deaths.html
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/21198/effect-of-social-distancing-signer-lab/
6 feet away isn't enough. Covid-19 risk involves other dimensions, too. 6/2020 8 ways to go out and stay safe during the coronavirus pandemic 5/2020 Cities That Went All In on Social Distancing in 1918 Emerged Stronger for It 4/2020 Considerations for Events and Gatherings 6/2020 COVID-19 outbreak lasts days longer for each day's delay in social distancing 6/2020 For Each Day's Delay in Social Distancing, a COVID-19 Outbreak Lasts Days Longer 6/2020 How to Hug During a Pandemic 6/2020 Of the many things we miss from our pre-pandemic lives, hugging may top the list. We asked scientists who study airborne viruses to teach us the safest way to hug. Lockdown Delays Cost at Least 36,000 Lives, Data Show 5/2020 Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis 6/2020 Social Distancing CDC.gov Social distancing can't last forever. Here's what should come next. 5/2020 Social Distancing, Quarantine, and Isolation. Keep Your Distance to Slow the Spread The Answer to All of Your Social Distancing Loophole Questions Is No 4/2020 The CDC finally has new guidelines for reducing Covid-19 risk post-lockdowns. 6/2020. Lockdowns are largely over. The CDC has new guidelines for being safe out in the world. The Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19 and Physical Distancing
The Need for Prevention and Early Intervention 4/2020 Tips For Social Distancing, Quarantine, And Isolation During An Infectious Disease Outbreak SAMHSA.gov Visiting Parks and Recreational Facilities CDC.gov Will social distancing extend until mid-2021? 5/2020
Substance Use
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Travel
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/travelers/travel-in-the-us.html
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Public Health Management & Guidance
Graphic source; Information is Beautiful
Graphic source: https://emergency.cdc.gov/coca/ppt/2020/Final_COCA_Call_Slides_04_17_2020.pdf
Graphic source: Initial Flowchart to Identify and Assess 2019 Novel Coronavirus (Historical) (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/identify-assess-flowchart.htm Historical
Agriculture Workers and Employers
Airline Travel
Community Mitigation
Graphic source: https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/927860
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Correctional and Detention Facilities
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/22029/number-of-covid-19-cases-in-the-following-locations/
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/21895/covid-in-prison-system/
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6919e1.htm
Cruise Ships
Essential Workers
Fitness Industry
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Long-term Care & Skilled Nursing Facilities Guidance
Graphic source: https://www.cms.gov/files/document/covid-nursing-home-reporting-numbers-5-31-20.pdf
Graphic source: https://time.com/5843260/assisted-living-facilities-covid-19/
Manufacturing. Mining and Meat Processing Plant Guidance
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/CDCgov/status/1280551663938555910
Mental Health Guidance
Personal Care Services
Restaurant Guidance
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Schools & Colleges
Youth-based Activities
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Medical Management Treatment Guidelines
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2760782
COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines (4/21/2020)
Graphic source: https://covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/overview/
Graphic source: https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2020/4/8/21207269/covid-19-coronavirus-risk-factors
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Medical Management - General Information
Graphic source: https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/928177
Graphic source; https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1182
Graphic source: https://www.bmj.com/coronavirus
Graphic source: What You Should Know Before You Need a Ventilator https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/04/opinion/coronavirus-ventilators.html
Graphic source: https://emergency.cdc.gov/coca/ppt/2020/Final_COCA_Call_Slides_04_17_2020.pdf
Graphic source: https://emergency.cdc.gov/coca/ppt/2020/Final_COCA_Call_Slides_04_17_2020.pdf
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Health Services
Graphic source: https://emergency.cdc.gov/coca/ppt/2020/Final_COCA_Call_Slides_04_17_2020.pdf
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Healthcare Provider Protection
Graphic source: https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/imm/covid-19-providers-dear-colleague-updates.pdf
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/A_FS_HCP_COVID19_PPE.pdf
Graphic source: https://smartairfilters.com/en/blog/whats-the-difference-between-n95-and-kn95-masks/
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General Medical Issues
Graphic source; https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2768391
COVID-19 in Children
COVID-19 in Young Adults
Anticoagulation & Hematological Issues
Graphic source: https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.2020201629
Cardiovascular Issues
Graphic source: https://www.onlinejacc.org/content/accj/early/2020/07/01/j.jacc.2020.06.068.full.pdf
Drug Issues
Endocrine System
Immune System
Kidney Dialysis and Renal Issues
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Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Associated with COVID-19 (MIS-C), previously known as Pediatric Multi-System Inflammatory Syndrome (PMIS, or MIS-C)
Graphic source: https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2020/han00432.asp
ACR Outlines Best Practices for Kids With MIS-C, Guidance on cardiac management, preventing clotting in COVID-associated syndrome 6/2020 A HREF="https://www.rheumatology.org/Portals/0/Files/ACR-COVID-19-Clinical-Guidance-Summary-MIS-C-Hyperinflammation.pdf"> Clinical Guidance for Pediatric Patients with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Associated with SARS-CoV-2 and Hyperinflammation in COVID-19 6/2020 Draft Document Updated Reporting Requirements for Multisystem Inflammatory
Syndrome in Children Associated with COVID-19 (Formerly Pediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome) 5/2020 64 NY Children Sick With Rare COVID-Related Illness, State Finds; Here Are the Warning Signs 5/2020 A New Coronavirus Threat to Children 5/2020 Children Are Falling Ill With a Baffling Ailment Related to Covid-19 5/2020 Children are falling ill with perplexing inflammatory syndrome thought to be linked to covid-19 5/2020 COVID-19: Alert Over Multisystem Hyperinflammatory State in Children 4/2020 GI Symptoms Are a Major Presentation Component of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children 6/2020 Guidance: Pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with COVID-19 Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health Kawasaki Disease From COVID-19 in Kids: How Common? Warnings out on inflammatory syndrome but many questions remain 5/2020 Kawasaki-like multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children during the covid-19 pandemic in Paris, France: prospective observational study 6/2020 Kids' Brains Affected by COVID-Linked Inflammatory Syndrome; Central and peripheral nervous system symptoms also reported 7/2020 Kids' COVID-Linked Ailment Is Not Your Typical Kawasaki Disease. A number of differences emerging, but U.S. data still scant 5/2020 Kids with Kawasaki disease symptoms possibly linked to COVID-19; coronavirus infection leading to critical illness in children remains very infrequent 5/2020 MIS-C Appears to Target Kids’ Hearts and More 7/2020 MIS-C: Tip of the Iceberg for Kids' COVID Inflammation? Surveillance data affirm profile of the syndrome, but there may be more to it 6/2020 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C) 5/2020 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) CDC.gov 5/2020 New Inflammatory Condition in Children Probably Linked to Coronavirus, Study Finds 5/2020 PICS Statement: Increased number of reported cases of novel presentation of multisystem inflammatory disease 4/2020 Targeting Immune Responses in Kids' COVID-19 Inflammatory Disorder - IVIG, steroids, biologics all tried, with suggestions of success 5/2020 Top NYC Pediatrician Warns of Alarming New Information About COVID-19 and Kids 5/2020
Neurological Issues
Reproductive and Sexual Issues
Graphic Source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6925a1.htm
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Respiratory and Lung Issues
Pseudostratified epithelium of the trachea showing goblet and ciliate cells.(prime target)
Graphic source:https://www.zmescience.com/science/cells-vulnerable-to-covid-identified-26243/
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp2009575
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Sequelae
Stroke
Thyroid Issues
Vision Issues Back to Table of Contents
Potential Treatments
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp2009575
Convalescent Plasma
Dexamethasone
Hydroxychloroquine
Remdesivir
Other
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Health Services Issues
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6925e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6923e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2015630
Afraid to Be a Nurse: Health Workers Under Attack 4/2020 Stigmatized as vectors of contagion in some countries, health care workers have been assaulted, abused and ostracized. Coronavirus exposes major flaws in health care system, experts say. Doctors and health care experts said the coronavirus pandemic shows the need to shift how we think about health care. 4/2020 COVID-19 in the United States: Insights from Healthcare Systems CDC.gov Critical Care Utilization for the COVID-19 Outbreak in Lombardy, Italy. Early Experience and Forecast During an Emergency Response 3/2020 JAMA Decline in Child Vaccination Coverage During the COVID-19 Pandemic Michigan Care Improvement Registry, May 2016-May 2020 5/2020 Emergency Responders: Tips for taking care of yourself CDC.gov Ethics of reallocating ventilators in the covid-19 pandemic Fear of Covid Leads Other Patients to Decline Critical Treatment
Psychologists say anxiety and uncertainty prompt irrational decisions — like turning down a transplant when an organ becomes available. 5/2020 Hospital Experiences Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of a National Pulse Survey March 23-27, 2020 HHS.gov Ignoring cancer care now may trade one public health crisis Covid-19 for another, NCI chief warns 6/2020 Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Emergency Department Visits; United States, January 1, 2019-May 30, 2020 MMWR 6/2020 Joint Statement: Roadmap for Resuming Elective Surgery after COVID-19 Pandemic Near 90% Mortality Rate in Intubated COVID-19 Patients in NYC - Comorbidities appeared to play a major role 4/2020 $1M COVID Bill; Did Florida Ignore Troubling Data? New York's Pandemic Missteps. This past week in healthcare investigations 6/2020 Potential Indirect Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Use of Emergency Departments for Acute Life-Threatening Conditions; United States, January-May 2020 6/2020 Survey of Insomnia and Related Social Psychological Factors Among Medical Staff Involved in the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease Outbreak 4/2020 "This Is Our Chernobyl": New York City's Doctors and Nurses Are Terrified 3/2020 Why some nurses have quit during the coronavirus pandemic
"Right now, nurses don't feel like heroes. We feel expendable." 5/2020
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Background and Related Resources
General Background Information
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China - Initial COVID-19 Epicenter
Graphic source; https://www.bbc.com/news/world-51235105#
Graphic source: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51202000#
Graphic source: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/06/whistleblower-chinese-doctor-dies-from-coronavirus
Graphic source: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/02/life-inside-wuhan-coronavirus-quarantine/
Graphic source: https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/new-coronavirus-outbreak-declared-global-public-health-emergency-who-says-n1126836
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Coronaviruses
VIDEO
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2000929
Graphic source: https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/01/22/798277557/how-does-wuhan-coronavirus-compare-to-mers-sars-and-the-common-cold
Graphic source: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/01/21/china-coronavirus-outbreak-cdc-first-us-case-washington-state/4532063002/
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Disinformation, Misinformation, Myths
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/21693/misinformation-on-covid-in-america/
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History of Epidemics, Pandemics
Graphic source: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6492/700
Infectious Diseases
Graphic source: http://www.vox.com/2016/4/19/11450396/zika-virus-contagious-ebola-measles
Graphic source: http://www.informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/the-microbescope-infectious-diseases-in-context/
Graphic source: http://www.informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/the-microbescope/
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Reopening Issues
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/risk/our-insights/covid-19-implications-for-business
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/22155/status-of-us-state-reopenings/
Graphic source: https://www.readyharris.org/Stay-Safe
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/world/coronavirus-maps.html#countries
Graphic source:
https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/87362
After Asking Americans to Sacrifice in Shutdown, Leaders Failed to Control Virus 6/2020 As Covid-19 cases surge, it is clear many governors underestimated the coronavirus and rushed to reopen before their states were ready. As States Rush to Reopen, Scientists Fear a Coronavirus Comeback Officials are under pressure to restart the economy, but many states are moving too quickly, researchers say. The costs may be measured in lost lives. 5/2020 CDC finds majority of Americans would not feel safe if coronavirus restrictions lifted nationwide 6/2020 CDC warns U.S. may reimplement strict coronavirus measures if cases go up dramatically 6/2020 China is reopening wet markets, as international pressure mounts against them 4/2020 How long before we know if reopenings cause virus spikes? 5/2020 How We Reopen Safely Tracking states as they make progress towards a new normal In countries keeping the coronavirus at bay, experts watch U.S. case numbers with alarm 6/2020 "I'll do what I want": Why the people ignoring social distancing orders just won't listen 3/2020 Lack of COVID-19 preparedness in line with previous findings, economists find 5/2020 On coronavirus, we know who will pay the price when states reopen before they should 5/2020 Op-Ed: The U.S. COVID-19 Failure Is Federal Unless Washington listens, more Americans will needlessly die 6/2020 Replace Trump And Bolster The CDC, A Leading Medical Journal Urges 5/2020 There's One Big Reason the U.S. Economy Can't Reopen. The country faces the same problem today that it did two months ago: There are not enough tests to contain the virus. 5/2020 There Is Still No Plan 5/2020 The U.S. and U.K. Were the Two Best Prepared Nations to Tackle a Pandemic What Went Wrong? 7/2020 The U.S. has hamstrung itself: How America became the new Italy on coronavirus 6/2020 The White House reportedly suppressed CDC guidance for reopening safely. The CDC created a detailed document with recommendations for how schools, religious institutions, and businesses might safely reopen. Trump baselessly claims Covid-19 testing is overrated and people wear masks to spite him 6/2020 Trump claims the coronavirus pandemic is ending. Data and the experts disagree. 6/2020 We don't have a president, or a plan. 60 days into the coronavirus crisis, the White House does not have a plan, a framework, a philosophy, or a goal. 5/2020 WHO process for declaring health emergencies scrutinized: COVID-19 response shows limitations 4/2020
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Second Wave
Graphic source: https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m1932
Graphic source:https://www.futurity.org/reopening-economy-public-health-covid-19-2366532-2/
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Social Media
Graphic source: https://www.journalism.org/2020/06/24/as-covid-19-emerged-in-u-s-facebook-posts-about-it-appeared-in-a-wide-range-of-public-pages-groups/
Graphic source: https://www.journalism.org/2020/06/24/as-covid-19-emerged-in-u-s-facebook-posts-about-it-appeared-in-a-wide-range-of-public-pages-groups/
Graphic source: https://www.journalism.org/2020/06/24/as-covid-19-emerged-in-u-s-facebook-posts-about-it-appeared-in-a-wide-range-of-public-pages-groups/
Graphic source: https://www.journalism.org/2020/06/24/news-organizations-were-most-prominent-source-in-covid-19-content-shared-in-public-facebook-spaces/
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Strategic Planning for Reopening the U.S.
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Unintended Consequences & Unforeseen Issues
Video source: https://twitter.com/bettycjung/status/1253938448811077632
Calculated trends in geophysical PM2.5 values from 1998-2018. Warm colours indicate positive trends and cool colours negative trends. The opacity of the colours indicates the statistical significance of the trends. Credit: Martin Lab
Map source: https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/earth-sciences/global-pollution-mapped-for-good-and-bad/
Graphic source: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146741/nitrogen-dioxide-levels-rebound-in-china
Graphic source: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146741/nitrogen-dioxide-levels-rebound-in-china
Graphic source: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146741/nitrogen-dioxide-levels-rebound-in-china
Graphic source: https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/05/19/greenhouse-emissions-coronavirus/
Graphic source: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146362/airborne-nitrogen-dioxide-plummets-over-china
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/21495/no2-in-the-air-selected-cities/
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/21424/no2-concentration-selected-cities/
Graphic source: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146362/airborne-nitrogen-dioxide-plummets-over-china
Graphic source: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146596/airborne-particle-levels-plummet-in-northern-india
Behavioral & Health Changes
Education Changes
Environmental Changes
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Health Services Changes
Nature Changes
Societal Changes
Technological Changes
![Free Speech Coalition](https://www.vox.com/2020/7/13/21310439/osha-coronavirus-worker-protection-rights"> The federal agency that’s supposed to protect workers is toothless on Covid-19 </A> 7/2020 </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00426.asp"> Update and Interim Guidance on Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China </A> CDC.gov 1/2020 </B></LI>
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<P><H3><FONT COLOR=blue> General Workplace Guidance </FONT COLOR></H3>
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<IMG SRC="BG2020/EssentialCriticalWorkersDoDont.jpg" width=600 Alt="Workforce CDC Guidance">
<BR><FONT SIZE=1> Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/Essential-Critical-Workers_Dos-and-Donts.pdf </FONT SIZE>
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<UL>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/communication/guidance-list.html"> CDC Guidance Documents </A></B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/28/health/cdc-coronavirus-offices.html"> C.D.C. Recommends Sweeping Changes to American Offices </A> 5/2020 </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/office-buildings.html"> COVID-19 Employer Information for Office Buildings </A> 5/2020 </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/getting-workplace-ready-for-covid-19.pdf"> Getting your workplace ready for COVID-19 </A> WHO.int </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/26/health/coronavirus-elevator-reopen.html"> Going Up? Not So Fast: Strict New Rules to Govern Elevator Culture </A> 6/2020 </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/building-water-system.html"> Guidance for Building Water Systems. Ensure the safety of your building water system and devices after a prolonged shutdown </A></B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/pdf/ReOpening_America_Cleaning_Disinfection_Decision_Tool.pdf">Guidance for cleaning and disinfecting public places, workplaces, businesses, schools and homes</A> CDC.gov </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/guidance-business-response.html"> Interim Guidance for Businesses and Employers Responding to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), May 2020 Plan, Prepare and Respond to Coronavirus Disease 2019</A></B></LI>
<LI><B><a HREF="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/resuming-business-toolkit.html"> Resuming Business Toolkit </A> CDC.gov </b></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.cntraveler.com/story/the-new-york-city-subway-may-work-differently-after-covid-19"> The New York City Subway May Work Differently After COVID-19 </A> 5/2020 </B></LI>
<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/organizations/grocery-food-retail-workers.html"> What Grocery and Food Retail Workers Need to Know about COVID-19 </A> </B></LI>
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<H3><FONT COLOR=Blue>Adult Film Industry </FONT COLOR></H3>
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<LI><B><A HREF="https://www.freespeechcoalition.com/blog/2020/06/12/announcing-the-covid-19-guidelines/"> FSC){kind=link}