How COVID-19 Has Shifted Over Time
Graphic source: https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/30/822491838/coronavirus-world-map-tracking-the-spread-of-the-outbreak
What Previous Covid-19 Waves Tell Us About the Virus Now (October, 2021)
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/10/23/us/covid-surges.html
July-August 2021 - Delta Variant Running Rampant in the U.S.
Graphic source: CNN
Graphic source: https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/graphics/2020/03/10/us-coronavirus-map-tracking-united-states-outbreak/4945223002/
Graphic source: https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/30/822491838/coronavirus-world-map-tracking-the-spread-of-the-outbreak
Map source: CDC
Video source: https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/21353986/coronavirus-covid-pandemic-usa-america-maps-charts-data
July 7, 2021
Graphic source: https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/coronavirus-map-confirmed-cases-2020-n1120686
July 7, 201
Graphic source: https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/coronavirus-map-confirmed-cases-2020-n1120686
Graphic source:
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/30/822491838/coronavirus-world-map-tracking-the-spread-of-the-outbreak
Graphic source: https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/28/health/coronavirus-million-global-deaths-intl/index.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6939e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6939e1.htm
Graphic source:
https://www.statista.com/chart/20651/locations-by-number-of-confirmed-wuhan-coronavirus-cases/
Graphic source: https://www.brookings.edu/2020/04/02/the-early-days-of-a-global-pandemic-a-timeline-of-covid-19-spread-and-government-interventions/
Graphic source; https://twitter.com/bettycjung/status/1282357711703887872
Graphic source: https://www.pressherald.com/2020/07/05/how-the-geography-of-the-pandemic-is-determined-by-centuries-old-regional-differences/
Graphic source:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/06/18/trump-claims-coronavirus-pandemic-is-ending-data-experts-disagree/
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/Risk/Our%20Insights/COVID%2019%20Implications%20for%20business/COVID%2019%20May%2027/COVID-19-Facts-and-Insights-June-1-vF.ashx
Percentage of emergency department (ED) visits for COVID-19-like illness (CLI), in 14 counties (three in California and Washington [A]; four in Illinois, Louisiana, Massachusetts, and Michigan [B]; and seven in New York [C]) -National Syndromic Surveillance System, February 1-April 7, 2020
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6922e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/21/global-coronavirus-cases-surpass-5-million-johns-hopkins-data-shows.html
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/EricTopol/status/1260659915816792064
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/yaneerbaryam/status/1256769252369072134
Graphic source: https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20200424/more-data-bolsters-higher-covid-prevalence
Graphic source: https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-coronavirus-cases-top-1-000-11583917794
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6933e2.htm
FIGURE 1. Number of COVID-19 hotspot alerts, by county and number of days* meeting hotspot criteria for (A) March 8-April 30, (B) May 1-31, (C) June 1-July 15, and (D) entire period - United States, March 8-July 15, 2020
Map source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6933e2.htm
FIGURE 2. Daily number of COVID-19 hotspot alerts, by urbanicity, and 7-day average of new reported cases - United States, March 8-July 15, 2020
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6933e2.htm
Maximum likelihood phylogeny of the early SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, showing nucleotide reversions and putative candidates for the ancestral haplotype at the most common recent ancestor (MRCA).
5/2021
C.D.C. Confirms First Possible Community Transmission of Coronavirus in U.S. - A case in California may be the first infection without a known link to travel abroad. 3/2020
China refused to provide WHO team with raw data on early COVID cases, team member says 2/2021
China to test thousands of Wuhan blood samples in Covid-19 probe 10/2021
Coronavirus Was In U.S. Weeks Earlier Than Previously Known, Study Says 12/2020
COVID-19 Appeared in Boy in Italy in November 2019 12/2020
Dissecting the early COVID-19 cases in Wuhan 11/2021
Explainer: The WHO's theories about the origins of COVID-19 after Wuhan probe 2/2021
First Known Covid Case Was Vendor at Wuhan Market, Scientist Claims. A new review of early Covid-19 cases in the journal Science will revive, though certainly not settle, the debate over how the pandemic began. 11/2021 NY Times
G7 leaders will call for fresh WHO inquiry into Covid origins, leaked communique suggests 6/2021
Intel agencies scour reams of genetic data from Wuhan lab in Covid origins hunt 8/2021
Intelligence on Sick Staff at Wuhan Lab Fuels Debate on Covid-19 Origin. Report says researchers went to hospital in November 2019, shortly before confirmed outbreak; adds to calls for probe of whether virus escaped lab 5/2021
Investigate the origins of COVID-19 5/2021
Leading scientist says that without a full investigation of lab leak theory, the world will face 'covid-26 and covid-32' 6/2021
New Data Leads To Rethinking (Once More) Where The Pandemic Actually Began 7/2021
NIH researchers find more evidence Covid was circulating in the US in December 2019 6/2021
Novel Coronavirus Circulated Undetected Months before First COVID-19 Cases in Wuhan, China. Study dates emergence to as early as October 2019; simulations suggest in most cases zoonotic viruses die out naturally before causing a pandemic 3/2021
Recovery of deleted deep sequencing data sheds more light on the early Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 epidemic 6/2021
Search Continues for COVID Patient Zero 7/2021
Serologic Testing of US Blood Donations to Identify Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-Reactive Antibodies: December 2019–January 2020 6/2021
The coronavirus may have reached Los Angeles even before China announced its outbreak 9/2020
1st U.S. coronavirus death was weeks earlier than initially believed Two previously unreported cases from February in California appear to be the nation's first confirmed deaths from COVID-19. 4/2020
Coronavirus: France's first known case was in December 5/2020 BBC.com
France Discovers Undiagnosed Coronavirus Patient From Last Year 5/2020
French Doctors Find COVID-19 Case From December - A Month Before 1st Known Case There 5/2020
From Wuhan to Paris to Milan, the search for 'patient zero' 7/2021
Inside the Global Quest to Trace the Origins of COVID-19 and Predict Where It Will Go Next
Time 7/2020
Newly published evidence points to Wuhan seafood market as pandemic origin point 7/2022
New Report Says Coronavirus May Have Made Early Appearance in France 5/2020
New York area's 'patient zero' says coronavirus 'wasn't on my mind' when he got sick 5/2020
'Patient zero': The misunderstood stories of how disease spreads 11/2016
Study Suggests Coronavirus Emerged Much Earlier Than Thought. Some Are Skeptical. 6/2020
The Legal Stakes of a Lab Leak - China could be on the hook for a trillion dollars, but the U.S. isn't blameless 6/2021
The molecular epidemiology of multiple zoonotic origins of SARS-CoV-2 7/2022
The Mysterious Case of the COVID-19 Lab-Leak Theory 10/2021
The Occam's Razor Argument Has Not Shifted in Favor of a Lab Leak 7/2021. Proponents of the theory that COVID-19 originated as a result of work performed at the Wuhan Institute of Virology keep repeating the same misinformation.
The Origins of SARS-CoV-2: A Critical Review Pre-print 8/2021
The Origins of SARS-CoV-2: A Critical Review Peer-reviewed 8/2021
The science around the lab leak theory hasn't changed. But here's why some scientists have. Five virologists said few conclusions can be drawn based on the available scientific evidence, but they noted that the context and circumstances of the debate have changed. 6/2021
Top U.S. health official calls for 'transparent' new probe into origins of pandemic. The comments come after a U.S. intelligence report said lab workers in Wuhan, China, fell ill in November 2019, before the first cases were reported. 5/2021
Trump's gone, but China, U.S. still at odds over WHO Covid report. "It's kind of disappointing that it's come to controversy already - the report is not even out," one of the members of the WHO-led team said.
Unclassified Summary of Assessment on COVID-19 Origins DNI.gov 9/2021
U.S. intel officials divided over whether Covid came from China lab accident. One U.S. agency says with moderate confidence the virus infected humans after a lab incident, but four others say with low confidence it emerged naturally. 8/2021
U.S. intel report identified 3 Wuhan lab researchers who fell ill in November 2019 5/2021 The details add to circumstantial evidence supporting a theory Covid-19 spread to humans after escaping from a lab. But the evidence is far from conclusive.
U.S. still hasn't ruled out lab accident origin for Covid because China hasn't been transparent. U.S. officials haven't shown any evidence pointing to a lab escape, and scientists call the scenario unlikely. The U.S. wants China to share information. 2/2021
When Did the Coronavirus Arrive in the U.S.? Here's a Review of the Evidence. 5/2020
WHO in Wuhan is probing Covid's origins as politics hangs over mission. "The objective of the investigation is not to designate a guilty country," one expert said. "But we also have to be realistic: This is a very politicized world." 1/2021
Why it's so tricky to trace the origin of COVID-19. A 90-day investigation into the source of SARS-CoV-2 has shown consensus that the virus was not engineered. But many other elements remain a mystery. 9/2021
Why it will soon be too late to find out where COVID-19 originated. Time is running out to identify the source of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak 20 months ago 8/2021
Will we ever find COVID-19's 'Patient Zero?' A lack of transparency on the virus' early days makes for an uphill battle. 7/2021
Back to Table of Contents
Zoonotic Origins
Graphic source: https://gumc.georgetown.edu/news-release/new-study-finds-climate-change-could-spark-the-next-pandemic/#
Relationship of bat coronaviruses to SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2.
Graphic source: https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/coronavirus-bat-research
Comparison of the nucleotide sequence identity of indicated coronaviruses to SARS-CoV-2.
Graphic source: https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/coronavirus-bat-research
Graphic source: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-convened-global-study-of-originI>
African Swine Fever Virus: A Global Concern 4/2022
Animal source of the coronavirus continues to elude scientists 5/2020
Bats and pangolins in Southeast Asia harbour SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses, reveals new study 2/2021
Bats & pangolins in Southeast Asia harbour SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses, reveals new study 2/2021
Bat Coronaviruses in China 3/2019
Bats offer clues to treating COVID-19 7/2020. To combat COVID-19, we need to regulate our immune systems to resemble those of bats
Bat origin of human coronaviruses 2015
Bat 'super immunity' may explain how bats carry coronaviruses, study finds. Bat-virus adaptation may explain species spillover, researchers say 5/2020
Bats Harbor Hundreds Of Coronaviruses, And Spillovers Aren't Rare 2/2020
COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin 3/2020
COVID-19 highlights risks of wildlife trade 11/2020
Did a new coronavirus go from dog to human? 5/2021
Dutch Minks Contract COVID-19 And Appear To Infect Humans 6/2020
Evolutionary history, potential intermediate animal host, and cross-species analyses of SARS-CoV-2 2/2020
Evolution of pandemic coronavirus outlines path from animals to humans 5/2020 The virus's ability to change makes it likely that new human coronaviruses will arise
From Bats to Human Lungs, the Evolution of a Coronavirus 3/2020
Genomic analysis reveals many animal species may be vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection 8/2020
Global report: Wuhan lab says its bat strains were not Covid-19 as US nears 100,000 deaths 5/2020
How Humanity Unleashed a Flood of New Diseases 6/2020
How SARS-CoV-2 in American deer could alter the course of the global pandemic 11/2021
How WHO is working to track down the animal reservoir of the SARS-CoV-2 virus 11/2020
Inside the Global Quest to Trace the Origins of COVID-19 and Predict Where It Will Go Next Time 7/2020
It's Much More Likely the Coronavirus Came from Wildlife, Not a Lab 4/2021
New coronavirus can spread between humans but it started in a wildlife market 1/2020
New Coronavirus Detected In Patients At Malaysian Hospital; The Source May Be Dogs 5/2021
New Study Finds Climate Change Could Spark the Next Pandemic 5/2022
Next Pandemic: Scientists Fear Another Coronavirus Could Jump From Animals To Humans 3/2021
Novel coronavirus may have been transmitted to humans from snakes 1/2020 (Controversial)
Newly emerged coronavirus did not spill over from scaly anteaters, researchers say 5/2020
Origin and cross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses in China 6/2020
Preventing the next pandemic - Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission U.N. Report 7/2020
Researchers trace coronavirus outbreak in China to snakes 1/2020 (Controversial, just including it for the sake of completeness)
SARS-CoV-2 and NIAID-supported Bat Coronavirus Research 10/2021
SARS-CoV-2 jumped from bats to humans without much change, study finds 3/2021
SARS-CoV-2 looks like a hybrid of viruses from two different species 6/2020 Pieces of several genomes recombined to produce the pandemic-causing pathogen.
SARS-CoV-2 relative found lurking in frozen bats from Cambodia 11/2020
SARS-CoV-2 Viral Mutations: Impact on COVID-19 Tests FDA.gov
Team pinpoints the origin story of SARS-CoV-2 7/2020
The animal origin of SARS-CoV-2 8/2021
Two more coronaviruses can infect people, studies suggest 5/2021
U.N. Predicts Rise In Diseases That Jump From Animals To Humans Due To Habitat Loss 7/2020
Want to prevent pandemics? Stop spillovers. Decision-makers discussing landmark agreements on health and biodiversity must include four actions to reduce the risk of animals and people exchanging viruses. 5/2022
What are zoonotic diseases and what can we do about them? 5/2020
Why snakes probably aren't spreading the new China virus. One genetic analysis suggests reptilian reservoir — but researchers doubt that the coronavirus could have originated in animals other than birds or mammals. 1/2020
Why They're Called Wet Markets And What Health Risks They Might Pose 1/2020
WHO Points To Wildlife Farms In Southern China As Likely Source Of Pandemic 3/2021
Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses 2020
Zoonotic spillover of SARS-CoV-2: mink-adapted virus in humans 3/2021
Back to Table of Contents
COVID-19 in Animals
Graphic source: https://www.pnas.org/content/119/6/e2121644119
Graphic source: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-convened-global-study-of-origins-of-sars-cov-2-china-part-annexes.pdf
Graphic source: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-convened-global-study-of-origins-of-sars-cov-2-china-part-annexes.pdf
Graphic source: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-convened-global-study-of-origins-of-sars-cov-2-china-part-annexes.pdf
Old World primates and great apes have identical amino acids at the binding site to humans and are predicted to be at high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. (Infographic by Matt Verdolivo/UC Davis)
Graphic source: https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/genomic-analysis-reveals-many-animal-species-may-be-vulnerable-sars-cov-2-infection
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6923e3.htm
4 Michiganders with COVID-19 strain unique to mink were likely 1st U.S. spillover cases 4/2022
SARS-CoV-2 in Animals in the United States USDA.gov
Animals and COVID-19 CDC.gov
Cases of SARS-CoV-2 in Animals in the United States USDA.gov
Cases of SARS-CoV-2 in Animals in the United States PDF List
Cats and dogs get COVID-19 from their owners at extremely high rates 7/2021
Confirmation of COVID-19 in Gorillas at a California Zoo 1/2021
Confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 in Animals in the United States USDA.gov
Coronavirus: COVID detection like 'wine-tasting' for dogs who can sniff out the disease 6/2020
COVID-19 and Animals CDC.gov
COVID Variants Detected in Animals, May Find Hosts in Mice 3/2021
Demand for cheetahs as pets is leading to their extinction. "When they hear the cheetah is expensive, they say, 'Wow, we must catch them and sell them,'" veterinarian Muse Saed . 8/2020
Denmark finds 214 people with mink-related coronavirus 11/2020
Denmark Will Kill All Farmed Mink, Citing Coronavirus Infections. Government officials said on Wednesday that a mutation in the virus could interfere with vaccine effectiveness in humans. 11/2020
Evaluation for SARS-CoV-2 Testing in Animals 3/2021
Exclusive: Buddy, first dog to test positive for COVID-19 in the U.S., has died 7/2020
Experimental infection of domestic dogs and cats with SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, transmission, and response to re-exposure in cats 9/2020
FAQ on Animal Coronavirus Testing
First Reported Cases of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Companion Animals - New York, March-April 2020 6/2020
Genomic Analysis Reveals Many Animal Species May Be Vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 Infection 8/2020
Gorillas at San Diego Zoo Test Positive for COVID 1/2021
Helpful Questions and Answers about Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Your Pets FDA.gov
Here's why Denmark culled 17 million minks and now plans to dig up their buried bodies. The Covid mink crisis, explained 12/2020
How Mink, Like Humans, Were Slammed by the Coronavirus. Rampaging infections at farms caused scandal, scientific head-scratching and a search for a vaccine — for mink. 12/2020
If You Have Pets CDC.gov
Interim SARS-CoV-2 Guidance and Recommendations for Farmed Mink and Other Mustelids 8/2020
Multiple spillovers from humans and onward transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in white-tailed deer 2/2022
New unpublished studies show that dogs and cats with COVID-positive owners frequently have SARS-CoV-2 antibodies 7/2021
Pangolin coronavirus could jump to humans, research suggests 2/2021
Pets and Other Animals CDC.gov
Preventing the next COVID-19 would be cheaper, safer than fighting a pandemic, study says 2/2022
Questions and Answers on the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) World Organization for Animal Health
Reducing the Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Spreading between People and Wildlife CDC.gov
Report Shows Arizona Man Infected His Dog, Cat With COVID-19 11/2021
Researcher finds 'stunning' rate of COVID among deer. Here's what it means for humans 3/2022
SARS-CoV-2 infection in free-ranging white-tailed deer 12/2021 Nature.com
SARS-CoV-2 Natural Transmission from Human to Cat, Belgium, March 2020 8/2020
SARS-CoV-2 variant detected in dogs and cats with suspected myocarditis 11/2021
SARS-CoV-2 variant detected in dogs and cats with suspected myocarditis 11/2021
San Diego Zoo Safari Park gorillas test positive for COVID-19 1/2021
Studies focus on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in domestic cats, pigs 11/2020
Study confirms cats can become infected with and may transmit COVID-19 to other cats 5/2020
The Coronavirus Kills Mink, So They Too May Get a Vaccine. The pandemic has been a powerful reminder that there is no clear barrier between viruses affecting animals and people 1/2021
There’s a Covid-19 epidemic in deer. It could come back to haunt us. Cats, dogs, and ferrets have been infected by the coronavirus. But outbreaks in deer are different. 2/2022
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on mink farms between humans and mink and back to humans 1/2021
Virus Variants Can Infect Mice, Scientists Report 3/2021
WHO looks at mink farm biosecurity globally after Danish coronavirus cases 11/2020
Your pets can catch Covid from you, and cats appear more susceptible than dogs. The more time a cat spent with its owner, the higher the risk of infection, new research finds. 6/2021
Back to Table of Contents
Genomic Sequencing Characteristics
"Experts' recommendations on how many cases should be sequenced vary, but many say sequencing around 5 percent of cases would begin to adequately show the spread of variants circulating at low levels."
(https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/03/06/us/coronavirus-variant-sequencing.html)
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-03698-7
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-21-426sp
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6928a5.htm
Graphic source: https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2020/06/09/2008176117
Graphic source: https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2020/06/09/2008176117
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/30/science/coronavirus-mutations.html
Graphic source: Nature Briefing
Graphic source; https://www.zmescience.com/science/cells-infected-coronavirus-95362/
Video source: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/22/us/coronavirus-sequencing.html
Blood Type
Graphic source: https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/932333
Graphic source: https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/932333
Graphic source: https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/935827
Back to Table of Contents
Genomics
SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes the disease COVID-19, is a big viral family with many variants. Just like with a human family tree, the distance between two variants shows roughly how related they are. This illustration is inspired by the SARS-CoV-2 phylogenetic tree generated by Emma Hodcroft of Nextstrain.org and the University of Bern. Kat Hubbs for NPR
Graphic source: https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/02/09/1047616658/take-a-look-at-sars-cov-2s-family-tree-its-full-of-surprises
A SARS-CoV-2 genetic family tree diagram, generated from data and diagrams created by Nextstrain.org and modified by epidemiologist Emma Hodcroft
But
Graphic source: https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/02/09/1047616658/take-a-look-at-sars-cov-2s-family-tree-its-full-of-surprises
Back to Table of Contents
Genetic Mutations; COVID-19 Variants
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/DrWilliamKu/status/1547016992707723264
Graphic source: https://www.nibib.nih.gov/news-events/newsroom/nih-funded-project-offers-efficient-approach-when-tracking-sars-cov-2-variants
VIDEO
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/03/28/opinion/coronavirus-mutation-future.html
Virus Mutations Explained
Video Source: https://twitter.com/CDCgov/status/1484254407365738505
As of November 25, 2021
Graphic source: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10242493/Is-Botswana-variant-sudden-Covid-surge-South-Africa.html
Graphic source: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sarscov2-variants-renamed-101622507347899.html
Graphic source: https://informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/covid-19-coronavirus-infographic-datapack/
Graphic source: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/08/new-sars-cov-2-variants-have-changed-pandemic-what-will-virus-do-next
Graphic source: NY Times, via F. Perry Wilson, Methods Man
VIDEO
Graphic source: Our World in Data
Graphic source: https://www.who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants/
Graphic source: https://www.who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants/
Graphic source: https://cosmosmagazine.com/health/medicine/new-variants-on-the-rise/#science
VIDEO
VIDEO
VIDEO
VIDEO
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/health/coronavirus-variant-tracker.html
Graphic source: https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20210324/variants-of-variants-seen-in-covid-ravaged-brazil
Graphic source: https://usafacts.org/articles/1-in-6-americans-are-fully-vaccinated-and-4-more-new-things-about-covid-19/
Source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7003e2.htm
Source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7003e2.htm
Source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7003e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/map-track-spread-covid-19-variants-across-united-states-n1256131 March 9, 2021
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7008e1.htm
Graphic source: https://cosmosmagazine.com/health/medicine/mutations-variants-and-strains/
Graphic source: https://cov-lineages.org/global_report.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7003e2.htm
COVID-19 Variant reported by Japan, January 11, 2021
Graphic source: https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/ja/diseases/ka/corona-virus/2019-ncov/10107-covid19-33.html
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2775006
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/21/health/new-covid-strain-uk.html
Graphic source:
https://time.com/5870481/coronavirus-origins/
Specific Variants
Graphic source: https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/09/covid-epidemiologist-larry-brilliant-on-delta-variant-vaccinations.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7032e2.htm
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/CDCgov/status/1422286839457665031
Graphic source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ha6yUxze1vk&t=3s
The numerals in this illustration show the main mutation sites of the delta variant of the coronavirus, which is likely the most contagious version. Here, the virus's spike protein (red) binds to a receptor on a human cell (blue). [Juan Gaertner/Science Source]
Graphic source;https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/07/08/1013794996/why-the-delta-variant-is-so-contagious-a-new-study-sheds-light
VIDEO
B2.75 (Centaurus) (June 2022 - India)
BA.4; BA.5
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-01240-x
Omicron XE Variant (=BA.1 + BA.2)
BA2.12; BA2.12.1
B.1.640.2; BA.2, Stealth Variant
Delmicron; Deltacron
Omicron (AKA Botswana Variant; BA.1 ) (December 2021)
Graphic Source: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)02758-6/fulltext
https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/12/11/early-data-on-omicron-show-surging-cases-but-milder-symptoms
Graphic source: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/omicron-covid-variant-mutations-image-b1965780.html
Graphic source: https://www.standardmedia00 Alt=".co.ke/explainers/article/2001430674/how-south-african-scientists-spotted-the-omicron-covid-variant
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7050e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.ft.com/content/42c5ff3d-e676-4076-9b9f-7243a00cba5e
What we know about omicron symptoms, recovery: A clinical timeline 1/2022
What we know about Omicron. The new coronavirus variant is spreading fast and raising concerns despite causing milder infections. 1/2022
Where has Omicron been Detected in the United States CDC.gov 12/2021
Update on Omicron 12/2021
Tracking omicron cases worldwide 12/2021
Covid-19: 'selfish mask' guest in quarantine hotel cross infection is Hong Kong's first case of new coronavirus variant 11/2021
Early data on Omicron show surging cases but milder symptoms
The variant's capacity for reinfection appears unprecedented 12/2021
Explainer: A new variant of COVID-19
How do we detect new variants, and should we be alarmed? 11/2021
Evidence for a mouse origin of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant 12/2021
First Omicron Case Detected in the U.S. - But Fauci cautions this is an "n of 1" case 12/2021
Heavily mutated coronavirus variant puts scientists on alert. Researchers are racing to determine whether a fast-spreading variant in South Africa poses a threat to COVID vaccine's effectiveness. 11/2021
How Long Does Omicron Take to Make You Sick? The new variant seems to be our quickest one yet. That makes it harder to catch with the tests we have. 12/2021
B> How South African scientists spotted the Omicron Covid variant 12/2021
How variants like omicron develop and what makes them variants 'of concern'. The World Health Organization classified a new variant first identified in southern Africa as a "variant of concern" Friday. 11/2021
Investigation of a SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant Cluster - Nebraska, November-December 2021 12/2021 MMWR
Multistate Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant Infections Among Persons in a Social Network Attending a Convention - New York City, November 18-December 20, 2021 2/2022 MMWR
New Coronavirus Variant a "Serious Concern" in South Africa 11/2021
Omicron by the numbers: Where things stand now 12/2021
Omicron's Explosive Growth Is a Warning Sign. We don't know how severe Omicron is, but we do know it's spreading very fast. 12/2021
Omicron largely evades immunity from past infection or two vaccine doses 12/2021
Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant: a new chapter in the COVID-19 pandemic 12/2021 Lancet
Omicron: What We Know About the New Coronavirus Variant. In just a few weeks since its discovery, Omicron has turned out to be highly transmissible and less susceptible to vaccines than other variants. 1/2022
SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant - United States, December 1-8, 2021 12/2021 MMWR
SARS-CoV-2 Viral Mutations: Impact on COVID-19 Tests 12/2021
Scientists find "stealth" version of Omicron that may be harder to track 12/2021
Scientists warn of new Botswana variant of Covid with "horrific" number of mutations 11/2021 Only 10 cases have been reported worldwide so far
Scientists warn of new Covid variant with high number of mutations 11/2021
Super-mutant 'vaccine resistant' Botswana Covid variant is driving South African surge and is nearing dominance just WEEKS after first being detected - sparking calls for a new travel ban on region to prevent outbreak here 11/2021
The mystery of where omicron came from - and why it matters 12/2021
The Omicron variant: What we know so far 11/2021
Trends in Disease Severity and Health Care Utilization During the Early Omicron Variant Period Compared with Previous SARS-CoV-2 High Transmission Periods - United States, December 2020-January 2022 1/2022 MMWR
What's known and unknown about Omicron, the coronavirus variant identified in South Africa 11/26/21
What you need to know about the omicron variant. Omicron is the newest Covid-19 "variant of concern," according to the World Health Organization. 11/2021
What we know about Omicron. The new coronavirus variant is spreading fast and raising concerns despite causing milder infections. 1/2022
What we know about Omicron variant that has sparked global alarm. Scientists fear emerging strain could be more transmissible and have higher resistance to vaccines 11/2021
What we know about the symptoms - and the severity - of the omicron variant 1/2022
WHO discusses new Covid variant possibly evolved in untreated AIDS patient. What we know so far 11/2021
Why This Covid-19 Surge Is 'Unprecedented in This Pandemic' 1/2022
'Worse than Delta': Alarm over Botswana Covid variant with multiple mutations 11/2021 >LI>
Delta Variant
Graphic source: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/how-does-the-covid-delta-variant-compare/
Graphic source: mm7035e2_DeltaOutbreakCASchool.jpg
Clinical and genomic signatures of SARS-CoV-2 Delta breakthrough infections in New York 7/2022 Lancet
Delta-like SARS-CoV-2 variants are most likely to increase pandemic severity 11/2021
Outbreak Associated with SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant in an Elementary School - Marin County, California, May-June 2021 9/2021 MMWR
What to Know About the New Delta Sublineage - CDC acknowledges AY.4.2 is stateside after quick spread in the U.K. 10/2021
Alpha variant of COVID-19 spread via 'super-seeding' event in UK, research finds 7/2021
A new coronavirus mutation is taking over the world. Here's what that means. 7/2020
A New Coronavirus Variant Is Spreading in New York, Researchers Report. The variant contains a mutation thought to help the virus dodge the immune system, scientists said. 2/2021
Another new coronavirus variant now detected in 13 countries. The variant, called B.1.525, contains a worrisome mutation. 2/2021
A Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern, B.1.526, Identified in New York 2/2021 Pre-Print
Can Vaccines Stop Variants? Here's What We Know So Far 4/2021
Changes in symptomatology, reinfection, and transmissibility associated with the SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7: an ecological study 4/2021 Lancet
Common Coronavirus Mutation May Actually Make COVID-19 More Susceptible to a Vaccine 11/2020
Concerning new Lambda Covid variant found in Australia 7/2021
Coronavirus has mutated at least once into two strains, study finds 3/2020
Coronavirus variants are spreading in India — what scientists know so far. Variants including B.1.617 have been linked to India's surge in infections. Researchers are hurrying to determine how much of a threat they pose. 5/2021
Covid-19: Brazil virus already in UK 'not variant of concern', scientist says 1/2021
Covid-19: New coronavirus variant is identified in UK 12/2020
COVID-19 Outbreak Associated with a SARS-CoV-2 R.1 Lineage Variant in a Skilled Nursing Facility After Vaccination Program - Kentucky, March 2021 4/2021 MMWR
COVID-19 Response Team Warns of Rise in Variants - But evidence that vaccines reduce transmissibility is pointing into a very favorable direction 2/2021
COVID-19 virus variants are evolving 'escape' mutations, and immune-compromised patients provide a breeding ground 2/2021
Covid variant in South Africa is 'more of a problem' than the one in UK, official says 1/2021
Delta Becomes Dominant Coronavirus Variant in U.S. 7/7/2021
Delta is the 'most serious' COVID-19 variant, scientists say. How will it affect the US? 6/2021
Delta Becomes Dominant Coronavirus Variant in U.S. 7/2021
Delta Plus Is in the News Again, Here's Why - The variant encompasses three sublineages, but experts are not worried yet 8/2021
Did a Mutation Help the Coronavirus Spread? More Evidence, but Lingering Questions 7/2020
Doctors Say These Are the 4 COVID Strains You Need to Know 1/2021
B> Doomsday scenario: Lagging vaccine rates stir fears of dangerous variants
Officials say the virus remains a persistent enough threat to potentially mutate into something that puts even vaccinated people at heightened risk. 5/2021
Double mutant coronavirus variant surfaces in Bay Area. Here's what we know 4/2021
Emergence of a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Southern California 2/2021
Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Lineage - United States, December 29, 2020-January 12, 2021 1/2021
Emergency Committee on COVID-19 advises on variants, vaccines 1/2021 WHO.int
Emerging Coronavirus Variants May Pose Challenges to Vaccines. Laboratory studies of mutations circulating in South Africa suggest they may dodge some of the body's immune responses. 1/2021
Evaluating the Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Mutation D614G on Transmissibility and Pathogenicity 1/2021
Everything we know about the mu variant, the latest coronavirus mutation
The W.H.O. labeled mu as a "variant of interest" on Monday, noting it may be able to evade vaccines and antibodies 9/2021
Extraordinary Patient Offers Surprising Clues To Origins Of Coronavirus Variants 2/2021
FDA Issues Alert Regarding SARS-CoV-2 Viral Mutation to Health Care Providers and Clinical Laboratory Staff 1/2021
First confirmed case of Indian coronavirus variant in U.S. found in California. The strain was first detected last month by health officials in India. 4/2021
First Identified Cases of SARS-CoV-2 Variant B.1.1.7 in Minnesota - December 2020-January 2021 2/2021 MMWR
First Vaccine Data Against Indian Variant - Researchers from England examined effectiveness of Pfizer, AstraZeneca vaccines 5/2021
Genetic Analysis Tracks SARS-CoV-2 Mutations in Human Hosts 6/2020
Genetic Variants of SARS-CoV-2 What Do They Mean? 1/2021
Genomic recombination events may reveal the evolution of coronavirus and the origin of SARS-CoV-2 12/2020
How Coronavirus Mutates and Spreads 4/2020
How Deadly Is the U.K. Variant? Updated analyses support worse clinical outcomes 2/2021
How Does the Coronavirus Variant Spread? Here's What Scientists Know. Contagiousness is the hallmark of the mutated virus surfacing in the U.S. and more than a dozen other countries. 12/2020
How SARS-CoV-2 mutates to escape antibody binding. A scientific detective story unearths how SARS-CoV-2 evolves new variants that evade antibodies 2/2021
How the Delta variant achieves its ultrafast spread. Viral load is roughly 1,000 times higher in people infected with the Delta variant than those infected with the original coronavirus strain, according to a study in China. 7/2021
Increased mortality in community-tested cases of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 3/2021
India's New "Double Mutant" COVID Variant Emerges in U.S. - Stanford Identifies First Case 4/2021
How Worried Should You Be About COVID-19 Coronavirus Variants? 4/2021
Inside the B.1.1.7 Coronavirus Variant 1/2021
Japan has found a new Covid variant. Here's how it compares to virus strains in the UK, South Africa 1/2011
Know About Coronavirus Mutants and Variants that Could Have Contributed to India's Second Wave 4/2021
Lambda COVID Variant Discovered in UK 6/2021
Mutation in new coronavirus increases chance of infection: study 6/2020
Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 offer insights into virus evolution 5/2020
Neither Alternative Was Good News: An Immunologist Traces the Spread of P.1, the Brazilian COVID Variant 4/2021
New California Variant May Be Driving Virus Surge There, Study Suggests. Researchers found that the variant originated in California and showed up in more than half of samples tested last week by researchers in Los Angeles. 1/2021
New coronavirus variant identified in German hospital 1/2021
New coronavirus variants could cause more reinfections, require updated vaccines 1/2021
New coronavirus variant spotted in California raises alarm 2/2021
New COVID Strain Has Reached the U.S. 9/2021 R.1. strain
New Covid variant detected at Texas A&M lab shows signs of antibody resistance and more severe illness in young people 4/2021
New COVID 'Super Strains' Could Disrupt Life Again 1/2021
New COVID-19 Variants CDC.gov
New mutant strain of new coronavirus detected in returnees from Brazil (Japan) 1/2021
New SARS-CoV-2 Variant Discovered In Japan Nearly Identical To Dangerous Brazilian Variant 2/2021
New Study Sheds Light on Clinical Significance of "Mutant" SARS-CoV-2 From the United Kingdom 2/2021
New virus variant detected in India; experts urge caution 3/2021
Nigerian scientist studies country's coronavirus variant 1/2021
No evidence for increased transmissibility from recurrent mutations in SARS-CoV-2 11/2020
People Are Talking About A 'Double Mutant' Variant In India. What Does That Mean? 4/2021
Phylogenomic analysis of COVID-19 summer and winter outbreaks in Hong Kong: An observational study Lancet.com 3/2021
Rapid Emergence and Epidemiologic Characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.526 Variant - New York City, New York, January 1-April 5, 2021 5/2021 MMWR
Rapid Increase in Circulation of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant - Mesa County, Colorado, April-June 2021 8/2021 MMWR
SARS-CoV-2: British variant is 45 percent more contagious than the original virus, study finds 4/2021
SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.526 emerging in the New York region detected by software utility created to query the spike mutational landscape 2/2021 Pre-Print
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines and the Growing Threat of Viral Variants 1/2021 JAMA
SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.617 gives the immune system a hard time. Study with cell cultures shows that the mutant is less well inhibited by antibodies 7/2021
Sensitivity of infectious SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants to neutralizing antibodies 3/2021
Should We Be Concerned About the Lambda Variant? With its novel mutations, the variant first identified in Peru is being watched closely 7/2021
Southern California Is Origin of New COVID-19 Variant 2/2021
Spike Mutants from SARS-CoV-2 Variant B.1.1.7
The coronavirus has mutated and appears to be more contagious now, new study finds 5/2020
The Coronavirus Is Mutating. What Does That Mean for Us? Officials in Britain and South Africa claim new variants are more easily transmitted. There's a lot more to the story, scientists say. 12/2020
The COVID-19 Delta Variant: What to Know 6/2021
The Delta Variant Isn't Just Hyper-Contagious. It Also Grows More Rapidly Inside You 7/2021
The effects of virus variants on COVID-19 vaccines 3/2021
The Gamma Variant's Rise in Washington State - New data show COVID strain associated with the highest number of hospitalizations, deaths 7/2021
The Nature of the Virus to Mutate: Mapping the Spread of a Deadly Disease
The new UK coronavirus mutations, explained 12/2020
Rise of Variants in Europe Shows How Dangerous the Virus Can Be 4/2021
SARS-CoV-2 variants from minks evade inhibition by antibodies 4/2021
The Delta Variant Will Drive A Steep Rise In U.S. COVID Deaths, A New Model Shows 7/2021
The U.K. Coronavirus Variant: What We Know 12/2020
The worst variant yet? Everything you need to know about Delta. Lots to learn about the dominant variant. 8/2021
There's a new coronavirus variant in the UK. Here's what we know. 12/2020
This Is How Bad Uncontrolled Delta Spread Could Get in the U.S.
"It is one of the most infectious respiratory viruses we know of, and that I have seen in my 20-year career." 7/2021
Tracking the Evolution of a "Variant of Concern" in Brazil 4/2021
Unraveling the Mysterious Mutations That Make Delta the Most Transmissible Covid Virus Yet 7/2021
U.S. Is Blind to Contagious New Virus Variant, Scientists Warn. It's not too late to curb the contagious variant's spread in the U.S., experts say — but only with a national program for genetic sequencing. 1/202<"> 1
Vaccine-induced antibodies may be less effective against several new SARS-CoV-2 variants 3/2021
Vaccines Are Effective Against the New York Variant, Studies Find 4/2021
Variant B.1.1.7 of COVID-19 associated with a significantly higher mortality rate, research shows 3/2021
Variants of Variants Seen In COVID-Ravaged Brazil 3/2021
Vietnam detects a suspected new coronavirus variant that's a hybrid of the UK and India strains 6/2021
Vietnam detects new UK-Indian variant, health officials say 5/2021
Virus that causes COVID-19 can find alternate route to infect cells. COVID-19 drugs, vaccines still effective against mutating virus 6/2021
Virus Variant First Found in Britain Now Spreading Rapidly in U.S. A new study bolsters the prediction by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that the so-called B.1.1.7 variant will dominate Covid-19 cases by March. 1/2021
Virus variant found in S. Africa may resist antibodies 1/2021
Virus Variant in Brazil Infected Many Who Had Already Recovered From Covid-19. The first detailed studies of the so-called P.1 variant show how it devastated a Brazilian city. Now scientists want to know what it will do elsewhere. 3/2021
Virus Variants Threaten to Draw Out the Pandemic, Scientists Say 4/2021
We may finally know why the delta variant of coronavirus is so infectious 7/2021
What Doctors Should Know About Delta - Here's the latest on transmissibility, virulence, vaccine efficacy, and more 6/2021
What's Going On With All These Coronavirus Variants? An Illustrated Guide 2/2021
What scientists know about new, fast-spreading coronavirus variants .Key questions remain about how quickly B.1.617 variants can spread, their potential to evade immunity and how they might affect the course of the pandemic. 5/2021
What the US knows about the three primary COVID-19 variants 2/2021
What's This About Delta Being 1,000 Times More Infectious? Here's where that frightening figure comes from 7/2021
What to Know About the Delta and Delta Plus Coronavirus Variants 7/8/2021
Why scientists are talking about viral load and the delta variant
What sets delta apart, experts say, is how much virus is produced by those who are infected — a measure known as viral load. 8/2021
Worried About Coronavirus Variants? Here's What You Need To Know 3/2021
Why Virus Variants Have Such Weird Names. B.1.351 may sound sweet to a molecular epidemiologist, but what's the alternative, other than stigmatizing geographical names? 3/2021
Why Scientists Are Very Worried About The Variant From Brazil 1/2021
Worrisome New Coronavirus Strains Are Emerging. Why Now? Across the globe, SARS-CoV-2 is evolving ways to evade the immune system and become more infectious. Blown pandemic response plans are to blame. 1/2021
Yale doctor weighs in on new report showing 2 COVID variants have merged into heavily-mutated hybrid virus 2/2021
Back to Table of Contents
Case Definition
VIDEO
Graphic source: https://www.ccjm.org/content/early/2020/12/01/ccjm.87a.ccc066
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2773338
Graphic source: https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/927860
Graphic source: PriMed
Back to Table of Contents
Contact Tracing
Graphic source for 3: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-sector/our-insights/contact-tracing-for-covid-19-new-considerations-for-its-practical-application
As the Virus Surged, Florida Partied. Tracking the Revelers Has Been Tough. 7/2020. With the coronavirus exploding, trying to trace the contacts of every positive case has become unrealistic in Florida, especially among elusive partygoers.
Contact Tracing Apps GAO.gov
Contact Tracing during Coronavirus Disease Outbreak, South Korea, 2020 11/2020
Contact Tracing Contact tracing is key to slowing the spread of COVID-19 and helps keep you, your family, and your community safe.
Contact Tracing CDC.gov
Contact Tracing Part of a Multipronged Approach to Fight the COVID-19 Pandemic
Contact Tracing Is Failing in Many States. Here's Why. 7/2020
Contact Tracing: What We Can Learn From Outbreaks In Other Countries To Fight the Coronavirus | NPR via @YouTube
Contact tracing, explained
Contact tracing for COVID-19: New considerations for its practical application 5/2020
Escaping the coronavirus lockdown with test and trace. 4/2020 Epidemiologists believe that if it is properly employed, testing and tracing can allow the U.S. to open some businesses and relax social distancing requirements.
Exposures Before Issuance of Stay-at-Home Orders Among Persons with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Colorado, March 2020 6/2020 MMWR
Health Departments: Interim Guidance on Developing a COVID-19 Case Investigation & Contact Tracing Plan
Identification and Monitoring of International Travelers During the Initial Phase of an Outbreak of COVID-19; California, February 3-March 17, 2020 MMWR 5/2020
Back to Table of Contents
Disease Distribution
SARS-CoV-2 introductions to U.S. and Europe. Credit: Modified from Worobey M, Science, 2020. (Source: 9/22/2020 NIH Director's Blog)
Percentage of people in communities across the United States infected by the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19 as of December 2020. Credit: Pei S, Nature, 2021.
Graphic source: https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2021/09/07/covid-19-infected-many-more-americans-in-2020-than-official-tallies-show/
Graphic source: https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20210824/covid-cases-in-children-soar
Graphic source: https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/1533546/A_Detailed_Study_of_Patients_with_Long_Haul_COVID__An_Analysis_of_Private_Health.pdf?p=pdf
Graphic source: https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/1533546/A_Detailed_Study_of_Patients_with_Long_Haul_COVID__An_Analysis_of_Private_Health.pdf?p=pdf
Graphic source: https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/1533546/A_Detailed_Study_of_Patients_with_Long_Haul_COVID__An_Analysis_of_Private_Health.pdf?p=pdf
Graphic source: https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/1533546/A_Detailed_Study_of_Patients_with_Long_Haul_COVID__An_Analysis_of_Private_Health.pdf?p=pdf
Graphic source: https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/1533546/A_Detailed_Study_of_Patients_with_Long_Haul_COVID__An_Analysis_of_Private_Health.pdf?p=pdf
Graphic source: https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/12/10/almost-one-in-five-americans-may-have-been-infected-with-covid-19
Graphic Source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6939e4.htm
Graphic Source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6939e4.htm
Graphic Source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6939e4.htm
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/08/31/us/coronavirus-cases-children.html
COVID-19 incidence among school-aged children aged 5-11 years (N = 101,503) and 12-17 years (N = 175,782), by week - United States, March 1-September 19, 2020
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6939e2.htm
Percentage of SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests with positive results and test volume, by week for school-aged children aged 5-11 years and 12-17 years - United States, May 3-September 19, 2020
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6939e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/06/16/age-of-covid-19-cases-dropping-in-california/
Graphic source; https://www.statista.com/chart/21173/hospitalization-icu-admission-and-fatality-rates-for-reported-coronavirus-cases/
Back to Table of Contents
Disease Process
frhb
Graphic source: https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/understanding-sars-cov-2-antibody-binding
The Process of How SARS-CoV-2 Infects the Host
Graphic source: https://www.acrobiosystems.com/A1213-The-Process-of-How-SARS-CoV-2-Infects-the-Host.html
Graphic source: https://media.primeinc.org/upload/programs/54BQ2021/Assessing%20COVID-19%20Disease%20Severity%20and%20Identifying%20Risk%20Factors%20for%20Disease%20Progression.pdf
Graphic source: https://earthsky.org/human-world/does-coronavirus-linger-in-body-immune-system-covid
Graphic source: https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.2020201629
Graphic source; https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2768391
ACE2 is the target for the novel coronavirus
Graphic source: https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad200581
Graphic source: https://hms.harvard.edu/news/how-covid-19-causes-loss-smell
NeuroCovid Stages
Graphic source: https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad200581
Scheme of the effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in obese individuals.
Graphic source: https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(20)30477-8/fulltext
Graphic source: https://www.livescience.com/covid-19-superspreader-singing.html (Image credit: Nicholas Forder)
AGE WELL: On average, as this chart reveals, chronic diseases increase with aging, which makes the elderly more susceptible to COVID-19. This deadly combination is a stark reminder, again, of doing our best to stay healthy.
Graphic course: http://nautil.us/issue/84/outbreak/how-covid_19-picks-on-the-weakened. Aging and the Epidemiology of Multi-morbidity
Biologist: Sharing Enclosed Space Leads To Massive Spread Of Coronavirus 5/2020
Coronavirus 101: What you need to know - Our understanding of COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus, is evolving daily-but we do know some important basics. 3/2020 NATGEO
Coronavirus Explained: What it does to your body that makes it so deadly 4/2020
Coronavirus: pathogen could have been spreading in humans for years, study says 3/2020
Covid-19:Viral Shedding From Virus Can Be Prolonged, But Infection Window is Not 11/2020
Does coronavirus linger in the body? 8/2020
Duration of Isolation and Precautions for Adults with COVID-19 8/2020
Even 'mild' Covid-19 can be a lengthy, challenging illness 10/2020
Everest climbers could have spread 'potentially more infectious AND vaccine resistant' Nepal Covid variant across the world after it was first found in THIRTEEN travelers on flights from Himalaya to Japan 6/2021
First Molecular Profiles of Severe COVID-19 Infections 6/2020 NIH.gov
Here's Exactly How the New Coronavirus Affects Your Body 1/2020
How a SARS-CoV-2 infection can become severe COVID-19 2/2022
How scientists know COVID-19 is way deadlier than the flu 7/2020 Natgeo
How COVID-19 Picks on the Weakened: The wrath of the coronavirus. 3/2020
How The Coronavirus Attacks Your Lungs | Deep Look via @YouTube
How the Coronavirus Could Take Over Your Body (Before You Ever Feel It) 3/2020
If You Squeeze the Coronavirus, Does It Shatter? Scientists are exploring the physics of viruses, to understand how these pathogens assemble themselves — and might be rent apart. 1/2021
Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand 3/2020
It's Not Whether You Were Exposed to the Virus. It's How Much. 5/2020 The pathogen is proving a familiar adage: The dose makes the poison.
Mild Covid-19 Linked to Increased Inflammation in Cells Months Later, Study Finds 3/2022
Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) A Review 7/2020
Portrait of a virus 8/2020
Preliminary Estimates of the Prevalence of Selected Underlying Health Conditions Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019-United States, February 12-March 28, 2020 3/2020
SARS-CoV-2 infects cells via specific viral entry factors, Viral entry factors are more abundant in elderly, men and smokers 3/2021
Scientists are trying to figure why Covid-19 hits some young, healthy people hard 4/2020
Solving a medical mystery and changing CDC screenings for COVID-19 What we learned from the first known community-acquired coronavirus case in the US 3/2020
The coronavirus at 1: A year into the pandemic, what scientists know about how it spreads, infects, and sickens 12/2020
Understanding SARS-CoV-2 antibody binding 10/2021
Why Covid-19 is worse than the flu, in one chart 3/2020
Why COVID-19 kills some people and spares others. Here's what scientists are finding. 6/2020
Younger Adults Are Increasingly Testing Positive For The Coronavirus 6/2020
Co-infection
Reinfection
Back to Table of Contents
Disease Severity
VIDEO
Graphic source: https://media.primeinc.org/upload/programs/54BQ2021/Assessing%20COVID-19%20Disease%20Severity%20and%20Identifying%20Risk%20Factors%20for%20Disease%20Progression.pdf
Vulnerable Populations
Graphic source: https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20200602/vulnerable-groups-weigh-risks-as-country-reopens
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp2009249
Back to Table of Contents
Disease Statistics
Graphic source:
https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2022/03/03/the-changing-political-geography-of-covid-19-over-the-last-two-years/
Graphic source:
https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2022/03/03/the-changing-political-geography-of-covid-19-over-the-last-two-years/
Graphic source:
https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2022/03/03/the-changing-political-geography-of-covid-19-over-the-last-two-years/
Graphic source:
https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2022/03/03/the-changing-political-geography-of-covid-19-over-the-last-two-years/
Epidemic Curve of the Confirmed Cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2762130
Graphic source: statista.com/chart/21547/cumulative-covid-19-cases-in-the-us/
Back to Table of Contents
Hospitalization Statistics
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7111e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7106e2.htm
January 22, 2022
Map source: https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/hospital-icu-stress-level-tracker-n1287375
Graphic source: https://cdn.mdedge.com/files/s3fs-public/JHM01607_Sabbatini15370721e.PDF
Map source: https://finance.yahoo.com/news/delta-variant-unvaccinated-and-vaccinated-people-are-not-in-the-same-ballpark-in-terms-of-risk-141843308.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7036e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7036e1.htm
Graphic source: https://media.primeinc.org/upload/programs/54BQ2021/Assessing%20COVID-19%20Disease%20Severity%20and%20Identifying%20Risk%20Factors%20for%20Disease%20Progression.pdf
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7023e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/reports/GAO-21-191/#Highlights
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6945e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6924e2.htm
Graphic source: https://time.com/5867751/bars-covid/
Graphic source: https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/slide/in-medicare-black-and-hispanic-individuals-account-for-disproportionate-share-of-covid-19-cases-and-hospitalizations/
Graphic source: https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/931633
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/older-adults.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6925e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/22018/coronavirus-pre-existing-conditions/
COVID-NET Laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 hospitalizations CDC.gov
Average charge for COVID-19 hospitalization, by state 10/2021
Characteristics Associated with Hospitalization Among Patients with COVID-19 - Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, March-April 2020 6/2020
Characteristics of Adult Outpatients and Inpatients with COVID-19 - 11 Academic Medical Centers, United States, March-May 2020 6/2020
Characteristics of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients Discharged and Experiencing Same-Hospital Readmission - United States, March-August 2020. MMWR 11/2020
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes Among Adults Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection During Periods of B.1.617.2 (Delta) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant Predominance - One Hospital, California, July 15-September 23, 2021, and December 21, 2021-January 27, 2022 2/2022 MMWR
Clinical Outcomes in Young US Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19 9/2020
Coronavirus Disease 2019 Case Surveillance; United States, January 22-May 30, 2020 MMWR 6/2020
COVID-19 Claims Data Reveal Real-World Tx Costs; Median sticker prices in the low-middle five figures; "allowed amounts" around $20,000 7/2020
COVID-NET Laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 hospitalizations CDC.gov
COVID-19: Healthcare Disparities 6/2020
COVID-19 hospitalizations analysis shows disparities across racial and ethnic groups 8/2020
COVID-19-Related Hospitalizations in Nine States, by Race/Ethnicity, 2020 3/2021 AHRQ.gov
COVID Hospitalizations Soared With Delta - Delta variant twice as likely to land patients in hospital versus Alpha variant in U.K. study 8/2021
C.D.C. Releases Early Demographic Snapshot of Worst Coronavirus Cases 4/2020
Decreases in COVID-19 Cases, Emergency Department Visits, Hospital Admissions, and Deaths Among Older Adults Following the Introduction of COVID-19 Vaccine - United States, September 6, 2020-May 1, 2021 6/2021 MMWR
Excess Mortality Among Patients Hospitalized During the COVID-19 Pandemic 7/2021
Hospitalizations Associated with COVID-19 Among Children and Adolescents - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1, 2020-August 14, 2021 9/2021 MMWR
Hospitalization of Adolescents Aged 12-17 Years with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1, 2020-April 24, 2021 6/2021
Hospitalization of Infants and Children Aged 0–4 Years with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 2020-February 2022 3/2022 MMWR
Hospitalization Rates and Characteristics of Patients Hospitalized with Laboratory-Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1-30, 2020 4/2020
Hospitalizations of Children and Adolescents with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 -COVID-NET, 14 States, July 2021-January 2022 2/2022 MMWR
Key Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients 7/2020
Nearly All Patients Hospitalized With Covid-19 Had Chronic Health Issues, Study Finds Only 6 percent of patients at one New York area health system had no chronic conditions. Hypertension, obesity and diabetes were common. 4/2020
Pandemic predictions are tricky. Except this one: U.S. hospitals are not ready for the new normal 2/2022
Researchers reveal substantial disparities in COVID-19 hospitalization and death rates among New York City boroughs 4/2020
Severe Outcomes Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) -United States, February 12-March 16, 2020 3/2020
Studies Point To Big Drop In COVID-19 Death Rates 10/2020
Trends in COVID-19 Cases, Emergency Department Visits, and Hospital Admissions Among Children and Adolescents Aged 0-17 Years - United States, August 2020-August 2021 9/2021 MMWR
Trends in Racial and Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Hospitalizations, by Region - United States, March-December 2020 4/2021 MMWR
Unvaccinated COVID-19 hospitalizations cost the U.S. health system billions of dollars 8/2021
U.S. COVID hospitalizations hit new record high, raising risks for patients 1/2022
Back to Table of Contents
Life Expectancy
IMG SRC="BG2021/NCHS-COVID-lifeexpectancy.jpg" width=800 Alt="COVID shortens life expectancy">
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsrr/vsrr015-508.pdf
Back to Table of Contents
Potential Life Lost
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-pandemic-related-excess-mortality-and-potential-years-of-life-lost-in-the-u-s-and-peer-countries/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-pandemic-related-excess-mortality-and-potential-years-of-life-lost-in-the-u-s-and-peer-countries/
Back to Table of Contents
Prevalence Statistics
Percentage of people in communities across the United States infected by the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19 as of December 2020. Credit: Pei S, Nature, 2021.
Graphic source: https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2021/09/07/covid-19-infected-many-more-americans-in-2020-than-official-tallies-show/
Daily new confirmed COVID-19 cases per million people, Dec 9, 2020
The number of confirmed cases is lower than the number of actual cases; the main reason for that is limited
testing.
Graphic source: https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus-data-explorer?tab=map&zoomToSelection=true&country=GBR~USA~ESP~ITA~BRA~IND~KOR®ion=World&casesMetric=true&interval=daily&hideControls=true&perCapita=true&smoothing=0&pickerMetric=location&pickerSort=asc
Model-based estimates of U.S. prevalence (A) and number (B) of adults aged ≥18 years with any selected underlying medical condition, by county United States, 2018
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6929a1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6929e1.htm
Nationwide COVID-19 Infection-Induced Antibody Seroprevalence (Commercial laboratories) 2/2022
Commercial Laboratory Seroprevalence Survey Data 7/2020
Comparison of seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infections with cumulative and imputed COVID-19 cases: Systematic review 4/2021
COVID-19 Infected Many More Americans in 2020 than Official Tallies Show 9/2021 NIH.gov
COVID-19 Infections Underestimated From Sea to Shining Sea; Large serosurvey reinforces two ideas: most infections are asymptomatic, and herd immunity remains a distant goal 7/2020
Estimated County-Level Prevalence of Selected Underlying Medical Conditions Associated with Increased Risk for Severe COVID-19 Illness; United States, 2018 MMWR 7/2020
Mapping a Pandemic: SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity in the United States 1/2021 Preprint
Population Point Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Based on a Statewide Random Sample Indiana, April 25-29, 2020 MMWR 7/2020
Seroprevalence Estimates of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Convenience Sample Oregon, May 11-June 15, 2020 MMWR 8/2020
Seroprevalence of Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in 10 Sites in the United States, March 23-May 12, 2020 7/2020
Seroprevalence of Infection-Induced SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies — United States, September 2021–February 2022 4/2022 MMWR
Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Among Frontline Health Care Personnel in a Multistate Hospital Network - 13 Academic Medical Centers, April-June 2020 MMWR 8/2020
Back to Table of Contents
Death Statistics
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
Graphic source:
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2794043
Graphic source:
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2794043
Graphic source: May 15, 2022 New York Times Cover
Graphic source: https://www.statnews.com/2022/05/10/the-five-pandemics-driving-1-million-u-s-covid-deaths/
Graphic source: https://www.statnews.com/2022/05/10/the-five-pandemics-driving-1-million-u-s-covid-deaths/
Graphic source: https://www.statnews.com/2022/05/10/the-five-pandemics-driving-1-million-u-s-covid-deaths/
Graphic source: https://www.statnews.com/2022/05/10/the-five-pandemics-driving-1-million-u-s-covid-deaths/
Graphic source: https://www.statnews.com/2022/05/10/the-five-pandemics-driving-1-million-u-s-covid-deaths/
Graphic source: https://www.statnews.com/2022/05/10/the-five-pandemics-driving-1-million-u-s-covid-deaths/
Graphic source: https://www.statnews.com/2022/05/10/the-five-pandemics-driving-1-million-u-s-covid-deaths/
Graphic source: https://www.statnews.com/2022/05/10/the-five-pandemics-driving-1-million-u-s-covid-deaths/
Graphic source: https://www.statnews.com/2022/05/10/the-five-pandemics-driving-1-million-u-s-covid-deaths/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-leading-cause-of-death-ranking/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-leading-cause-of-death-ranking/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-leading-cause-of-death-ranking/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-continues-to-be-a-leading-cause-of-death-in-the-u-s-in-august-2021/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-continues-to-be-a-leading-cause-of-death-in-the-u-s-in-august-2021/
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7014e1.htm
VIDEO
VIDEO
Graphic source: https://usafacts.org/articles/summer-covid-19-cases-and-deaths-in-five-charts/
Graphic source: https://usafacts.org/articles/summer-covid-19-cases-and-deaths-in-five-charts/
Graphic source: https://usafacts.org/articles/summer-covid-19-cases-and-deaths-in-five-charts/
Graphic source: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/06/16/americans-lost-more-years-of-life-to-covid-19-in-2020-than-to-all-accidents-combined-in-a-typical-year/
Graphic source: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/06/16/americans-lost-more-years-of-life-to-covid-19-in-2020-than-to-all-accidents-combined-in-a-typical-year/
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/06/16/world/covid-vaccine-coronavirus-mask
June 16, 2021 - US - 600,000 deaths from COVID-19
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/06/16/world/covid-vaccine-coronavirus-mask
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2778234
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7014e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/coronavirus-leading-through-the-crisis/charting-the-path-to-the-next-normal/in-2020-covid-19-deaths-were-eight-times-greater-than-a-typical-flu-season
U.S. on Sunday, February 21, 2021, hit the half-a-million mark for the number of lives claimed by Covid-19.
Every dot on our 500,000 lives lost map represents a person who has died from the virus in the U.S., beginning with the first reported death on Feb. 29, 2020.
@NBCNews
Graphic source: Washington Post Coronavirus Update
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/reports/GAO-21-191/#Highlights
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/reports/GAO-21-191/#Highlights
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2771761
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/reports/GAO-20-708/
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/bettycjung/status/1286716769441320960
Graphic source: https://www.axios.com/axios-ipsos-coronavirus-week-8-5a1947d5-9850-4e58-9583-9b617e6fdc1b.html
Graphic source: https://www.theigc.org/blog/why-we-dont-know-the-real-number-of-covid-19-deaths-in-africa/
The 'five pandemics' driving 1 million U.S. Covid deaths 5/2022
Association Between Caseload Surge and COVID-19 Survival in 558 U.S. Hospitals, March to August 2020 ACP.org
COVID-19 Forecasts: Deaths CDC.gov
COVID-19 leading cause of death ranking KFF.org
300,000 Deaths By December? 9 Takeaways From The Newest COVID-19 Projections 8/2020
Provisional Death Counts for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Provisional Mortality Data - United States, 2020 4/2021 MMWR
Assessment of Deaths From COVID-19 and From Seasonal Influenza 5/2020
Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy 3/2020
Coronavirus Has Now Killed More Americans Than Vietnam War 4/2020
David Oliver: The medical examiner role could transform our approach to handling death 8/2020
Death Rates Have Dropped for Seriously Ill Covid Patients 10/2020
Explained: Why India's Covid-19 deaths are spiking even as cases go down 5/2021
Excess Deaths Associated with COVID-19 NVSS 4/2020
Excess Deaths From COVID-19 and Other Causes, March-July 2020 JAMA 10/2020
Excess Deaths From COVID-19 and Other Causes in the US, March 1, 2020, to January 2, 2021 JAMA 4/2021
How many Covid deaths are acceptable? Some Biden officials tried to guess. Conversations about what Americans would tolerate didn't go too far, underscoring the difficulty of explaining when the pandemic will end. 6/2022
Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load on Risk of Intubation and Mortality Among Hospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 7/2020
Just How Much Was 2020 an Outlier for Deaths? Setting cause aside, death numbers were "massive" compared with 2019 4/2021
Making up 1 million deaths: Where Covid killed 5/2022
Nearly all COVID deaths in US are now among unvaccinated 6/2021
One-Third of All U.S. Coronavirus Deaths Are Nursing Home Residents or Workers 5/2020
Provisional Death Counts for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) 4/2020
Provisional Mortality Data - United States, 2020 3/2021 MMWR
Race, Ethnicity, and Age Trends in Persons Who Died from COVID-19 - United States, May-August 2020. MMWR 10/2020
The Leading Causes of Death in the US for 2020 3/2021 JAMA
Two Coasts. One Virus. How New York Suffered Nearly 10 Times the Number of Deaths as California. 5/2020
Vaccinations Against COVID-19 May Have Averted Up To 140,000 Deaths In The United States 8/2021
Vaccination Efficacy
Graphic source: https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2022/07/07/americans-reflect-on-nations-covid-19-response/
Graphic source: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-to-compare-covid-deaths-for-vaccinated-and-unvaccinated-people/
Graphic source: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-to-compare-covid-deaths-for-vaccinated-and-unvaccinated-people/
Graphic source: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-to-compare-covid-deaths-for-vaccinated-and-unvaccinated-people/
Graphic source: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/05/13/1098071284/this-is-how-many-lives-could-have-been-saved-with-covid-vaccinations-in-each-sta
Graphic source: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/05/13/1098071284/this-is-how-many-lives-could-have-been-saved-with-covid-vaccinations-in-each-sta
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid19-and-other-leading-causes-of-death-in-the-us/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid19-and-other-leading-causes-of-death-in-the-us/
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7116e1.htm
Graphic source:
https://www.statnews.com/2022/04/06/tracking-fda-advisory-panel-meeting-covid-19-vaccines-boosters/
Graphic source:
https://www.statnews.com/2022/04/06/tracking-fda-advisory-panel-meeting-covid-19-vaccines-boosters/
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7112e2.htm
Graphic source: https://ourworldindata.org/covid-deaths-by-vaccination
Graphic source: https://ourworldindata.org/covid-deaths-by-vaccination
Age-adjusted rolling 14-day SARS-CoV-2 cumulative incidence (A) and hospitalization rates (B), by vaccination status - Los Angeles County, California, November 7, 2021-January 8, 2022
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7105e1.htm
Age-adjusted rolling 14-day SARS-CoV-2–associated incidence rate ratios* (A) and hospitalization rate ratios (B), by vaccination status - Los Angeles County, California, November 7, 2021-January 8, 2022
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7105e1.htm
Graphic source: January 31, 2022 NY TImes
Graphic source: January 31, 2022 NY TImes
Graphic source: https://www.vox.com/22894978/covid-19-vaccine-lives-saved-deaths-avoided-omicron-chart
Graphic source: https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/booster-shots-effective-severe-illness-omicron-rcna13038
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7104e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7104e2.htm
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/bettycjung/status/1482900702313820165
Graphic source: https://informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/covid-19-coronavirus-infographic-datapack/
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7102e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/characteristics-of-vaccinated-patients-hospitalized-with-covid-19-breakthrough-infections/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/characteristics-of-vaccinated-patients-hospitalized-with-covid-19-breakthrough-infections/
Graphic source:
https://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/2021/dec/01/intermountain-official-warns-of-continued-protective-measures-vaccination-due-to-omicron/
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/26159/covid-cases-us-age-group-vaccination-status/
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/CDCgov/status/1464277862328979465
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/ /volumes/70/wr/mm7044e1.htm
Graphic source: October 28, 2021 NY Times COVID Briefing
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7043e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.medpagetoday.com/special-reports/exclusives/95119
Graphic source: https://ctnewsjunkie.com/2021/10/06/study-says-vaccinations-prevented-death-in-connecticut/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/unvaccinated-covid-patients-cost-the-u-s-health-system-billions-of-dollars/
Graphic source: https://ctnewsjunkie.com/2021/09/03/a-high-price-hospital-association-assesses-cost-of-care-for-unvaccinated/
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7037e1.htm
Graphic source: https://usafacts.org/articles/summer-covid-19-cases-and-deaths-in-five-charts/
Graphic source: July 19, 2021 New York Times
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7023e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/unvaccinated-covid-patients-cost-the-u-s-health-system-billions-of-dollars/
Americans Reflect on Nation’s COVID-19 Response 7/2022
How to Compare COVID Deaths for Vaccinated and Unvaccinated People. The death rate among unvaccinated people is still far higher than that among the vaccinated even though vaccinated people now make up a significant proportion of deaths 6/2022
COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Monthly Update 5/2022
This is how many lives could have been saved with COVID vaccinations in each state 5/2022
Costs of going unvaccinated in America are mounting for workers and companies 3/2022
COVID-19-Associated Hospitalizations Among Adults During SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron Variant Predominance, by Race/Ethnicity and Vaccination Status - COVID-NET, 14 States, July 2021-January 2022 3/2022 MMWR
Covid booster shots effective against severe illness from omicron, CDC studies say
Three studies released Friday by the CDC underscore the importance of a third dose to help keep Covid-19 patients out of the hospital. 1/2022
COVID-19 mortality preventable by vaccines 4/2022
COVID Vaccine Recipients Also Less Likely to Die of Other Causes - Study found downstream health effect for vaccination 10/2021
COVID-19 breakthrough hospitalizations 12/2021
COVID-19 Cases and Hospitalizations by COVID-19 Vaccination Status and Previous COVID-19 Diagnosis - California and New York, May-November 2021 1/2022 MMWR
COVID-19 Incidence and Death Rates Among Unvaccinated and Fully Vaccinated Adults with and Without Booster Doses During Periods of Delta and Omicron Variant Emergence - 25 U.S. Jurisdictions, April 4-December 25, 2021 1/2022 MMWR
Effectiveness of a Third Dose of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines in Preventing COVID-19 Hospitalization Among Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Adults - United States, August-December 2021 1/2022
Effectiveness of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA Vaccination Against Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Among Persons Aged 12-18 Years - United States, July-December 2021 1/2022 MMWR
Effectiveness of a Third Dose of mRNA Vaccines Against COVID-19-Associated Emergency Department and Urgent Care Encounters and Hospitalizations Among Adults During Periods of Delta and Omicron Variant Predominance - VISION Network, 10 States, August 2021–January 2022 1/2022 MMWR
Estimated Number of COVID-19 Infections, Hospitalizations, and Deaths Prevented Among Vaccinated Persons in the US, December 2020 to September 2021 7/2022 JAMA
Here's How Many U.S. Deaths COVID Vaccines Prevented CDC estimates 1.6 million hospitalizations and over 200,000 deaths averted through fall 2021 7/2022
How likely is COVID-19 hospitalization for vaccinated Americans?
Many vaccinated Americans have become infected with COVID-19, especially during the Omicron surge. But vaccination has made hospitalization much rarer. 2/2022
Omicron Hospitalizations Up to 23 Times Higher for the Unvaccinated - Boosters conferred the most protection, California data showed 2/2022
Rates of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths by Vaccination Status CDC.gov
Rates of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 hospitalizations by vaccination status COVID.cdc.gov
A High Price: Hospital Association Assesses Cost of Care for Unvaccinated 9/2021
CDC Now Reports COVID Cases and Deaths by Vax Status - New tool also reveals numeric differences between vaccines 10/2021
Comparative Effectiveness of Moderna, Pfizer-BioNTech, and Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) Vaccines in Preventing COVID-19 Hospitalizations Among Adults Without Immunocompromising Conditions - United States, March-August 2021 9/2021 MMWR
COVID-19 Vaccination and Non-COVID-19 Mortality Risk - Seven Integrated Health Care Organizations, United States, December 14, 2020-July 31, 2021 10/2021 MMWR
Delta variant: Unvaccinated and vaccinated people 'are not in the same ballpark' of risk, doctor explains 9/2021
Effectiveness of 2, 3, and 4 COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Doses Among Immunocompetent Adults During Periods when SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2/BA.2.12.1 Sublineages Predominated - VISION Network, 10 States, December 2021–June 2022 7/2022
Impact of population mixing between vaccinated and unvaccinated subpopulations on infectious disease dynamics: implications for SARS-CoV-2 transmission 4/2022 Canadian Medical Association Journal
Intermountain official warns of continued protective measures, vaccination due to omicron 12/2021
Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Among Adults Hospitalized with COVID-19-Like Illness with Infection-Induced or mRNA Vaccine-Induced SARS-CoV-2 Immunity - Nine States, January-September 2021 10/2021 MMWR
Monitoring Incidence of COVID-19 Cases, Hospitalizations, and Deaths, by Vaccination Status - 13 U.S. Jurisdictions, April 4-July 17, 2021 9/2021 MMWR
Most COVID-19 Infections and Hospitalizations are in Unvaccinated 5/2021
New COVID-19 Cases and Hospitalizations Among Adults, by Vaccination Status - New York, May 3-July 25, 2021 8/2021
Rates of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths by Vaccination Status
Rates of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 hospitalizations by vaccination status CDC.gov
SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Hospitalization Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years, by Vaccination Status, Before and During SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant Predominance — Los Angeles County, California, November 7, 2021–January 8, 2022 2/2022 MMWR
States ranked by percentage of population fully vaccinated: Jan. 14 1/2022
Study Says Vaccinations Prevented Deaths In Connecticut 10/2021
The effectiveness of vaccination against long COVID: A rapid evidence briefing 2/2022
The Unvaccinated Drive COVID-19 Infections in the U.S. 11/2021
Tracking an FDA advisory panel meeting on Covid-19 vaccines and boosters 4/2022
Unvaccinated COVID-19 hospitalizations cost billions of dollars 9/2021
Unvaccinated People Create Higher Risk for Vaccinated, Study Says 4/2022 University of Toronto
Unvaccinated People Increase Risk Of Covid Infection Among Vaccinated, Study Finds 4/2022
Vaccinated Have Lower Heart, Stroke Risk From COVID - Korean nationwide data support yet another benefit of being fully vaccinated 7/2022
Vaccinations Cut U.S. COVID Deaths by 58%: Study 7/2022
Back to Table of Contents
Statistics Issues
COVID-19 Test Reporting
COVID-19 Vaccination Reporting
Back to Table of Contents
Data Reporting
As COVID Data Collection Moves From CDC to HHS, Questions Mount - Administration says new process will be more efficient; but public health community fears disruption, manipulation 7/2020
As Schools Weigh Reopening, Dearth of Data on COVID in Kids; Age groupings vary by state, children under-tested: "It's a mess" 7/2020
Assessment of the CDC's New COVID-19 Data Reporting Version 1.0, May 18, 2020
Claiming confusion, Texas Medical Center changes how it reports ICU capacity amid COVID-19 6/2020
Covid data disappearing in some states even as delta surges. As Covid case numbers rise nationwide, Georgia and some other states have restricted the case count data they share publicly. 8/2021
Covid-19 in the US: We're not getting full value from our data 7/2020 BMJ opinion
Does Green on COVID-19 Maps Mean What You Think? COVID-19 “heat maps” are intended to help the public evaluate health risks during the pandemic. But the guidelines the CDC and other institutions use to create these maps can lead to confusion. Two linguistic anthropologists help make sense of what these maps really mean.
3/2022
Florida scientist says she was fired for refusing to change Covid-19 data to support reopen plan. 5/2020. Dr Rebekah Jones says she was fired from Department of Health by the governor after protesting order to censor information
I'm looking for the truth: States face criticism for COVID-19 data cover-ups 5/2020
Johns Hopkins's coronavirus tracker has become a gold standard, but its creators say many miss the real story 6/2020
Many States Are Not Reporting The Latest COVID-19 Numbers 9/2021
Nation's latest COVID-19 wave largely hidden from view, health experts say. 'There's a lot of COVID out there,' one expert acknowledged. 5/2022
Nursing Homes Shocked at 'Insanely Wrong' CMS Data on COVID-19 6/2020 One facility supposedly had eight coronavirus deaths for each bed
Omicron wave prompts media to rethink which data to report 1/2022
States Pull Back on Covid Data Even Amid Delta Surge 8/2021 KHN.org
Woman who designed Florida's COVID-19 dashboard has been removed from her position 5/2020
Back to Table of Contents
Death Statistics Issues
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-01245-6
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00104-8
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00104-8
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/WHO/status/1522195970825535488/photo/1
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/WHO/status/1522210454113714176/photo/1
Graphic source: https://www.bbc.com/news/health-61327778
Graphic source: https://www.bbc.com/news/health-61327778
Graphic source: https://www.bbc.com/news/health-61327778
Figure 2Global distribution of estimated excess mortality rate due to the COVID-19 pandemic, for the cumulative period 2020–21
Map source: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)02796-3/fulltext
Figure 4Global distribution of the ratio between estimated excess mortality rate due to the COVID-19 pandemic and reported COVID-19 mortality rate, for the cumulative period 2020–21
Map source: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)02796-3/fulltext
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/MaxCRoser/status/1434228604666368007/photo/1
The Economist journalists updated their a model of the true death toll of the pandemic, corrected for underreporting. They come to the conclusion that 15.2 million have died, more than 3-times the official toll of 4.6m. This map shows the distribution of the death rate.
14.9 million excess deaths associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 WHO.int 5/2022
15 million people have died in the pandemic, WHO says
The World Health Organization’s long-awaited estimate of excess COVID deaths is in line with other studies. 5/2022
A Coronavirus Mystery Explained: Moscow Has 1,700 Extra Deaths. Russia's government has boasted of a low coronavirus mortality rate, but figures from an obscure city agency cast doubt on those claims. 5/2020
Assessing the Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on US Mortality: A County-Level Analysis 1/2021
Autopsies and covid-19. America’s elected coroners are too often a public-health liability
The politics of death 1/2022
Challenges Estimating Total Lives Lost in COVID-19 Decisions 7/2020. Consideration of Mortality Related to Unemployment, Social Isolation, and Depression
COVID death tolls: scientists acknowledge errors in WHO estimates. Researchers with the World Health Organization explain mistakes in high-profile mortality estimates for Germany and Sweden. 5/2022
COVID's Global Death Toll May Be 3 Times Official Numbers 3/2022
COVID mortality in India: National survey data and health facility deaths 1/2022
COVID’s true death toll: much higher than official records. Modelling suggests that by the end of 2021, some 18 million people had died because of the pandemic. 3/2022
Covid: World’s true pandemic death toll nearly 15 million, says WHO 5/2022
Death Certificate-Based ICD-10 Diagnosis Codes for COVID-19 Mortality Surveillance - United States, January-December 2020 MMWR 3/2021
Deaths in New York City Are More Than Double the Usual Total 4/2020
Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21 3/2022
Hospitalizations of Children Aged 5–11 Years with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 2020-February 2022 4/2022
How Many Covid Deaths? Don't Ask President Trump. The president has expressed skepticism about the fatality figures reported to him by his own experts. 5/2020
How many died? Different ways of counting make the COVID-19 tally elusive "It becomes fairly random, and we're basically at that point," N.Y. Gov. Andrew Cuomo said. 6/2020
India Is Counting Thousands Of Daily COVID Deaths. How Many Is It Missing? 4/2021
India Is Stalling the W.H.O.’s Efforts to Make Global Covid Death Toll Public. The agency has calculated that 15 million people have died as a result of the pandemic, far more than earlier estimates, but has yet to release those numbers. 4/2022
In one Missouri county, coroner excludes COVID from death certificates if family asks 8/2021
NIH study associates COVID-19 surges with mortality increases for patients 7/2021
Nobody Accurately Tracks Health Care Workers Lost to COVID-19. So She Stays Up At Night Cataloging the Dead. 8/2020
Op-Ed: Death Counts and Despair - Are we growing numb to the COVID carnage? 8/2020
Peru says its true Covid death toll is almost triple its official count. 5/2021
Russian statistics soar for virus-linked deaths in 2020 2/2021
Study: 35 percent of excess deaths in pandemic's early months tied to causes other than COVID-19 7/2020
Surprisingly low Shanghai COVID death count spurs questions 4/2022
The Difficulty Of Counting the COVID-19 Pandemic's Full Death Toll 6/2020
The lag between daily reported Covid-19 cases and deaths and its relationship to age 3/2021
The pandemic’s true death toll: millions more than official counts
Countries have reported some five million COVID-19 deaths in two years, but global excess deaths are estimated at double or even quadruple that figure. 1/2022
Total Deaths Due to COVID-19 Underestimated by 20% in US Counties. Deaths caused by indirect effects of the pandemic emphasize the need for policy changes that address widening health and racial inequities. 5/2021 BU.edu
Uncounted: Inaccurate death certificates across the country hide the true toll of COVID-19 Some counties, like Cape Girardeau, have seen a spike in deaths that aren’t attributed to COVID-19. Many of them, blamed on natural causes, are likely from the coronavirus 1/2022
Undercounting of Covid-19 deaths is greatest in pro-Trump areas, analysis shows 1/2021
U.S. deaths soared in early weeks of pandemic, far exceeding number attributed to covid-19 4/2020
Virus deaths are probably two to three times more than official records, the W.H.O. says. 5/2021
What to Say if Someone Wrongly Claims 99% of People Survive COVID
Why Do Countries' COVID-19 Death Rates Vary So Much? Multiple factors at play: testing capacity, case definitions, age distribution, preparedness 5/2020
Why we still don't know how deadly this new coronavirus is 2/2020. Without the mortality rate, it's hard to decide how to respond and prepare for a worsening outbreak.
Why We Don't Know the True Death Rate for Covid-19 4/2020 Determining what percentage of those infected by the coronavirus will die is a key question for epidemiologists, but an elusive one during the pandemic.
Worst-Case Estimates for U.S. Coronavirus Deaths 3/2020
Hospitalization Data Issues
Incomplete/Missing Demographics and Variables, Reporting
Graphic source: https://www.covkidproject.org/state-report-card
Manipulation of Data Reporting
Graphic source: https://www.miamiherald.com/news/coronavirus/article253796898.html
Graphic source: https://www.miamiherald.com/news/coronavirus/article253796898.html
Back to Table of Contents
Prevalence Data
Probable Cases/Excess Deaths
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00104-8
Graphic source: https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/21539483/covid-19-black-death-plagues-in-history
Visual Abstract. Impact of Population Growth and Aging on Excess U.S. Deaths During COVID-19
Estimates of excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic provide an important metric for quantifying deaths due to COVID-19 as well as those indirectly caused by it. This study updates recent estimates for excess mortality by accounting for the aging of the population.
Graphic source: https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-7385
Graphic source: https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/slide/during-pandemic-higher-premature-excess-deaths-in-u-s-compared-to-peer-countries-partly-driven-by-racial-disparities/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-pandemic-related-excess-mortality-and-potential-years-of-life-lost-in-the-u-s-and-peer-countries/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-pandemic-related-excess-mortality-and-potential-years-of-life-lost-in-the-u-s-and-peer-countries/
Graphic source: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/covid-19-pandemic-related-excess-mortality-and-potential-years-of-life-lost-in-the-u-s-and-peer-countries/
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2778361
Graphic source: https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/07/15/tracking-covid-19-excess-deaths-across-countries
COVID's Death Toll 3 Times Worse Than Official Counts - In U.S. alone, excess deaths were 300,000 higher than those attributed to virus 3/2022
Covid-19 deaths in Africa: prospective systematic postmortem surveillance study 2/2021 BMJ
Covid-19: Excess deaths point to hidden toll in South Africa as cases surge 7/2020 BMJ
COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Excess Mortality and Potential Years of Life Lost in the U.S. and Peer Countries 4/2021
During Pandemic, Higher Premature Excess Deaths in U.S. Compared to Peer Countries Partly Driven by Racial Disparities 4/2021
Estimating the early death toll of COVID-19 in the United States
Estimation of Excess Deaths Associated With the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States, March to May 2020 7/2020 JAMA
Excess Deaths From COVID-19 and Other Causes in the US, March 1, 2020, to January 2, 2021 4/2021 JAMA
Getting to Accuracy: Measuring COVID-19 by Mortality Rates and Percentage Changes 4/2020
How COVID-19 Deaths Are Counted. 5/2020. Assigning a cause of death is never straightforward, but data on excess deaths suggest coronavirus death tolls are likely an underestimate
How coronavirus charts can mislead us
How does the government count COVID-19 deaths? Medical conditions or injuries at an individual's time of death are not automatically official causes of death for the purpose of government statistics. That includes COVID-19. 10/2021
How Many People Have Actually Died From Coronavirus in New York? 4/2020 The official statistics paint a partial picture and may understate the death toll. Here's why.
Impact of Population Growth and Aging on Estimates of Excess U.S. Deaths During the COVID-19 Pandemic, March to August 2020 4/2020 AIM
Just How Much Was 2020 an Outlier for Deaths? Setting cause aside, death numbers were "massive" compared with 2019 4/2021
N.Y.C. Death Toll Soars Past 10,000 in Revised Virus Count 4/2020. The city has added more than 3,700 additional people who were presumed to have died of the coronavirus but had never tested positive.
Pandemic death toll is far higher than 200,000 in the US 10/2020
'Probable' COVID-19 Death Reporting Varies by State 4/2020. Authorities wrestle with fatal cases that look like COVID but lack test confirmation
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Excess Deaths During the COVID-19 Pandemic, March to December 2020 10/2021. ACPjournals.org
The Pandemic's Real Toll? 300,000 Deaths, and It's Not Just From the Coronavirus 10/2020
Tracking covid-19 excess deaths across countries 7/2020
Update on Excess Deaths Associated with the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, January 26, 2020-February 27, 2021
4/2021 MMWR
Undercounting
Graphic source: https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n334
Graphic source: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/02/06/964527835/why-the-pandemic-is-10-times-worse-than-you-think
Graphic source: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/02/06/964527835/why-the-pandemic-is-10-times-worse-than-you-think
< P>
Health Equity Tracker Investigating rates of COVID-19
A Coronavirus Death in Early February Was Probably the Tip of an Iceberg 4/2020
After Deaths At Home Spike In NYC, Officials Plan To Count Many As COVID-19 3/2020
Africa COVID cases could be seven times higher than reported - WHO 2/2022
As Covid sweeps India, experts say cases and deaths are going unreported 4/2021
CDC Hasn't Updated COVID Vax Breakthrough Data - Agency doesn't report real-time breakthrough data, but states provide some answers 11/2021
Coronavirus Death in California Came Weeks Before First Known U.S. Death 4/22/2020
Covid: Does Tanzania have a hidden epidemic? 3/2021 BBC.com
England and Wales coronavirus death toll 41% higher than UK government's daily figures 4/2020
Impact of COVID-19 in Africa 'vastly underestimated', warn researchers. Study from Zambia shows many more deaths than official reports suggest 2/2021
Impact of covid-19 in Africa "vastly underestimated" warn researchers 2/2021 BMJ
India Is Counting Thousands Of Daily COVID Deaths. How Many Is It Missing? . 4/2021
India's pandemic death toll could be in the millions 7/2021
Millions Of People Are Missing From CDC COVID Data As States Fail To Report Cases 10/2021
NIH study suggests COVID-19 prevalence far exceeded early pandemic cases. Researchers estimate nearly 17 million undiagnosed cases in the U.S. by mid-July 2020. 6/2021
Non-stop cremations cast doubt on India's counting of COVID dead 4/2021
Official coronavirus death tolls are only an estimate, and that is a problem 4/2020 NBC News takes a look at how some of the world's health authorities have tried, and often failed, to keep track of those who have died in the pandemic.
Official U.S. coronavirus death toll may be missing many thousands. 5/2020 A confluence of testing shortages, inconsistent death reporting practices and a high concentration of nursing home deaths means the overall fatality number is likely higher.
Russia adds record 10,000 coronavirus cases in dramatic turnaround as Putin's problems stack up 5/2020
There's Been a Spike in People Dying at Home in Several Cities. That Suggests Coronavirus Deaths Are Higher Than Reported. 4/2020
Trump's plan to limit the pandemic's death toll: Undercount the numbers. Experts say the official numbers are too low. The White House wants to make them lower. 5/2020
U.S. Coronavirus Death Toll Is Far Higher Than Reported, C.D.C. Data Suggests 4/2020
Why we don't know the real number of COVID-19 deaths in Africa 10/2020 Why the coronavirus may be killing more Americans than the government data says 4/2020
Why The Pandemic Is 10 Times Worse Than You Think NPR.org 2/2021
Vaccination Reporting
Back to Table of Contents
COVID-19 Risk Factors
Risk factors for severe COVID-19 among persons who completed a primary COVID-19 vaccination series - 465 health care facilities, United States, December 2020-October 2021 (MMWR)
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7101a4.htm
Risk Factors (Enlarged)
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-care/underlyingconditions.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-care/underlyingconditions.html
Graphic source: https://informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/covid-19-coronavirus-infographic-datapack/
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/2020-year-in-review/a-tale-of-2020-in-20-mckinsey-charts
Graphic source: https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/941521
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/22365/prevalence-of-underlying-conditions-in-us-adults/
Graphic source: Texas Medical Association
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/older-adults.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/COVID19-What-You-Can-Do-High-Risk.pdf
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp2009249
Cardiovascular
Cancer
Demographics
Graphic source: https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/20/us/systemic-racism-coronavirus-pandemic-trnd/index.html"
Graphic source: https://www.apmresearchlab.org/covid/deaths-by-race
Graphic source: https://www.apmresearchlab.org/covid/deaths-by-race
Risk Factors for Severe COVID-19 Outcomes Among Persons Aged ≥18 Years Who Completed a Primary COVID-19 Vaccination Series - 465 Health Care Facilities, United States, December 2020-October 2021 1/2022 MMWR
No Data Behind CDC's Testing Guideline Change; Absent any evidence, experts speculate that supply shortages, politics influenced agency's decision
Black individuals at higher risk for contracting COVID-19, according to new research 7/2020
Coronavirus targets homeless shelters in the US 4/2020
COVID-19 Among American Indian and Alaska Native Persons -23 States, January 31-July 3, 2020 MMWR 8/2020
COVID-19 Killing African Americans at Shocking Rates 5/2020. Wildly disproportionate mortality highlights need to address longstanding inequities
COVID-19 crisis: Millions of US workers at risk of infections on the job 4/2020
Crowded homes, poor neighborhoods linked to COVID-19 6/2020
Male Sex Is Risk Factor for Increased Mortality in COVID-19 12/2020
Study of 17 Million Identifies Crucial Risk Factors for Coronavirus Deaths 7/2020. The largest study yet confirms that race, ethnicity, age and sex can raise a person's chances of dying from Covid-19.
COVID-19 deaths analyzed by race and ethnicity — APM Research Lab
Factors Influencing Risk for COVID-19 Exposure Among Young Adults Aged 18-23 Years - Winnebago County, Wisconsin, March-July 2020. MMWR October 2020.
Regardless of Age, Obesity and Hypertension Increase Risks With COVID-19 9/2020
These variables affect whether you live, die or get help during the pandemic 8/2020
Why Is COVID-19 Striking Men Harder Than Women? 5/2020
Why Women Experience COVID and the Vaccines Differently Than Men - It's chromosomal and hormonal, and maybe sociocultural too 3/2021
Diabetes
Graphic source: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-021-05458-8
Graphic source: https://abcnews.go.com/Health/covid-19-virus-diabetes-studies-find/story
Graphic source: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-021-05458-8
Drugs
Environmental Factors
Genetic Mutations
Health Behaviors
Hypertension
Immune System
Liver Disease
Maternal/Child Health Issues
Mental Illness
Metabolic Syndrome
Nutrition
Obesity
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2770542
Graphic source: https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(20)30477-8/fulltext
Clinical manifestations and mechanisms for COVID-19 risk in individuals with obesity
Graphic source: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/obr.13128
Associations between body-mass index and COVID-19 severity in 6·9 million people in England: a prospective, community-based, cohort study 4/2021 < /B>
Body Mass Index and Risk for COVID-19-Related Hospitalization, Intensive Care Unit Admission, Invasive Mechanical Ventilation, and Death - United States, March-December 2020 3/2021 MMWR
Clinical Outcomes in Young US Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19 9/2020
COVID-19 reveals how obesity harms the body in real time 11/2020
Even With Mild COVID, Obesity May Mean Worse Symptoms 10/2021
Individuals with obesity and COVID-19: A global perspective on the epidemiology and biological relationships 8/2020
NYU scientists: Largest US study of COVID-19 finds obesity the single biggest 'chronic' factor in New York City's hospitalizations 4/2020 ZDNET.com
Obese COVID Patients More Likely to Have Pulmonary Embolism, Even Outside the ICU 6/2020
Obesity and Outcomes in COVID-19: When an Epidemic and Pandemic Collide 7/2020
Obesity Linked to Severe Coronavirus Disease, Especially for Younger Patients 4/2020
Obesity one of the biggest risk factors in COVID-19 hospitalizations, study suggests 4/2020
Sex-specific impact of severe obesity in the outcomes of hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a large retrospective study from the Bronx, New York 5/2021
Why Obesity May Stack the Deck for COVID-19 Risk 7/2020
Phenotypes
Vaping Links to Covid Risk Are Becoming Clear 9/2020
Other Factors
10 Things That Increase Your Risk of Coronavirus Complications
Alzheimer's Gene Linked to Severe COVID-19 Risk 5/2020
Canadian study finds temperature, latitude not associated with COVID-19 spread 5/2020
Can I Catch It Through My Eyes? Will Goggles Help? 5/2020
CDC: Age Nothing But a Number for COVID-19 Risks; Underlying conditions for people at any age more important, agency says 6/2020
Contracting COVID-19: lifestyle and social connections may play a role 7/2020
Coronavirus and Pneumonia 4/2020
COVID-19: High-Risk Groups and Special Populations 4/2020
COVID-19 Risk 10-Fold Higher for Opioid Abusers 9/2020. Substance use disorders in general tied to higher coronavirus hospitalization rates
COVID Risks Raised in Rheumatoid Arthritis - Patients had higher rates of infection and hospitalization/death, study showed 5/2021
FAQs About COVID-19 4/2020
Groups at Higher Risk for Severe Illness 4/2020
Heartburn medication tied to higher COVID-19 risk — but don't panic 7/2020
HIV and The New Coronavirus
Insomnia, disrupted sleep, and burnout linked to higher odds of severe COVID-19. Each 1-hour increase in sleep associated with 12% lower odds of infection among clinicians 3/2021
Is Taking Aspirin Good for Your Heart?
Large Vessel Strokes in Younger Patients Tied to COVID-19, 4/2020. Presenting symptom of coronavirus infection for some
Miscarriage and Maternal Mortality in Pregnant COVID-19 Patients; Risk is unknown but nonzero 5/2020
New Research Shows Disproportionate Rate of Coronavirus Deaths in Polluted Areas 12/2020
Older Adults CDC.gov
People With O Blood Type Appear to Have a Lower Risk of Catching Coronavirus, Preliminary Study Says 6/2020
People of Any Age with Underlying Medical Conditions 6/2020
Poor Sleep, Burnout Tied to Higher COVID-19 Risk 3/2021
Preliminary Estimates of the Prevalence of Selected Underlying Health Conditions Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019-United States, February 12-March 28, 2020 3/2020 MMWR
Substance use disorders linked to COVID-19 susceptibility 9/2020
The Catastrophic Cost of Uninsurance: COVID-19 Cases and Deaths
Closely Tied to America's Health Coverage Gaps 3/2021
The Covid-19 Riddle: Why Does the Virus Wallop Some Places and Spare Others? 5/2020
This One Thing Could Make You More Likely to Die From Coronavirus 6/2020
What Is Phantosmia? 3/2021
What Is the Real Coronavirus Toll in Each State? 5/2020
Back to Table of Contents
COVID-19 Incubation Period
Nature: Estimated that the incubation period for COVID-19 before the onset of symptoms was 5.2 days. Viral loads for COVID-19 were highest shortly after the onset of symptoms and then gradually decreased toward the detection limit by day 21. Sex, age, and disease severity did not substantially affect these findings.
The authors estimated that infectiousness of COVID-19 began 2.3 days before the onset of symptoms and peaked at 0.7 days after symptom onset. They further estimated that up to 44% of cases of COVID-19 could be a result of viral transmission before the onset of symptoms.
Source: https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/932932 (6/2020)
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp2009575
Back to Table of Contents
COVID-19 Symptoms
Symptom prevalence, duration, and risk of hospital admission in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 during periods of omicron and delta variant dominance: a prospective observational study from the ZOE COVID Study
Graphic source: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(22)00327-0/fulltext
Graphic source: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-types/symptom-tracker-app-reveals-six-distinct-types-of-covid-19-infection-idUSKCN24I1YI
Graphic source; https://salud-america.org/coronavirus-case-rates-and-death-rates-for-latinos-in-the-united-states/
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of previous or current SARS-CoV-2 infection, by individual symptoms among service members reporting at least one symptom (n = 284) — USS Theodore Roosevelt, April 2020 (June 2020)
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6923e4.htm
Graphic source: https://int.nyt.com/data/documenthelper/6926-mayhhsbriefing/af7319f4a55fd0ce5dc9/optimized/full.pdf#page=1
Updated CDC COVID-19 symptom list (4/27/2020)
Graphic source: https://heavy.com/news/2020/04/early-symptoms-coronavirus-covid-19/
General
Dermatological Manifestations
Hearing Loss
Loss of Smell
Graphic source: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00210#
AAO-HNS: Anosmia, Hyposmia, and Dysgeusia Symptoms of Coronavirus Disease 3/2020
About Half of COVID-19 Cases Show Digestive Signs 3/2020
Alterations in Smell or Taste in Mildly Symptomatic Outpatients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection 4/2020
Anosmia Can Warn Us of More Than Just COVID - Sense of smell is deeply connected with cognitive function 8/2021
Another Presenting Sign of COVID-19 - Findings support adding to the list of GI manifestations of the disease, researchers say 8/2020
Chinese Study: Some Mild COVID-19 Cases Have Only GI Symptoms About 19% with digestive issues experienced diarrhea as the first symptom of COVID-19 4/2020
Coronavirus symptoms: What are they and how do I protect myself? BBC.com 6/2020
COVID-19 and a loss of smell: Why the virus may hinder this sense. A loss of smell can be caused by nasal congestion. But it happens in COVID-19 patients even without a stuffed-up nose. 8/2020
Diarrhea is first sign of illness for some COVID-19 patients 3/2020
Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 Entry Proteins, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, in Cells of the Olfactory Epithelium: Identification of Cell Types and Trends with Age 5/2020
From Loss Of Smell To 'COVID Toes': What Experts Are Learning About Symptoms 5/2020
GI and Hepatic Symptoms Call for COVID-19 Testing. Liver injury, in particular, could lead to poor clinical outcomes 5/2020
How COVID-19 Causes Loss of Smell 7/2020
Inflamed brains, toe rashes, strokes: Why COVID-19's weirdest symptoms are only emerging now 5/2020
Little Known About COVID Patients' Loss of Smell 4/2020
Lost Sense of Smell May Be Peculiar Clue to Coronavirus Infection 3/2020
Mysteries of COVID Smell Loss Finally Yield Some Answers. Explanations begin to arise at the molecular level for this vexing but commonplace symptom 11/2020
Skin Rashes: An Emerging Symptom of COVID-19: What clinicians need to know about cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 4/2020
Smell and taste changes provide early indication of COVID-19 community spread 11/2020
Smell and Taste Issues Unlikely to Linger After COVID-19 7/2020
Smell Diminishes by Day 3 of COVID-19, Study Says 5/2020
Sniffing Out Where Virus First Strikes in COVID-19 - More context for why COVID-19 patients might lose sense of smell 8/2020
Symptom tracker app reveals six distinct types of COVID-19 infection 7/2020
What are COVID toes? Dermatologists, podiatrists share strange findings 3/2020
What it's like to suffer from the coronavirus's weirdest symptom 4/2020
What are the symptoms of COVID-19
What Is Covid Toe? 5/2020 Maybe a Strange Sign of Coronavirus Infection Dermatologists say the lesions should prompt testing for the virus, even though many patients have no other symptoms
Psychiatric Symptoms
Tooth Loss
Back to Table of Contents
COVID-19 Transmission
Transmission Routes
Video source: https://twitter.com/CDCgov/status/1484277054162055175
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-1092-0/figures/2
SARS-CoV-2 introductions to U.S. and Europe. Credit: Modified from Worobey M, Science, 2020.
Graphic source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32912998/
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp2009249
Current Sites of COVID-19 cases
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2767010
Potential Sites for future COVID-19 cases
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2767010
Reproduction Number
"To determine when an outbreak had been contained, scientists look at case counts and determine the reproduction number, a measurement that shows how many people will be infected by one infectious person. If the reproduction number drops below 1, scientists consider the outbreak contained." (Source: https://news.utexas.edu/2020/06/01/for-each-days-delay-in-social-distancing-a-covid-19-outbreak-lasts-days-longer/)
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/healthcare-systems-and-services/our-insights/when-will-the-covid-19-pandemic-end?cid=other-eml-alt-mip-mck
Graphic source: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/history-of-pandemics-deadliest/
Graphic source: @fperrywilson
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/risk/our-insights/covid-19-implications-for-business
R-naught - the theory
R-naught - the reality of superspreaders
Source: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/22/well/live/coronavirus-pandemic-memorial-day-picnics-bbqs.html
Graphic source: https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/06/health/flu-covid-19-deaths-comparison-trnd/index.html
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6926e1.htm
Graphic source: https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-researchers-show-how-covid-19-super-spreaders-are-a-big-part-of-the-problem/">
Reich and colleagues show that even for the same "R," transmission rate, on average, infections can rise faster with a higher "gamma," the measure of how many "degrees" of contacts a person in the society has -- the super-spreaders.
Graphic source: https://cosmosmagazine.com/biology/measuring-different-responses-to-covid-19
Graphic source; https://www.vox.com/2020/1/28/21079946/coronavirus-china-wuhan-deaths-pandemic
Graphic source: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/05/coronavirus-how-to-measure-your-nation-response-cvd/"
Back to Table of Contents
Asymptomatic/Pre-symptomatic (Silent Spreader/Stealth) Transmission
Graphic source: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2001468
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6923e4.htm
About 80% of Asymptomatic People With COVID-19 Develop Symptoms 9/2020
An enduring coronavirus mystery: Why do only some get sick? 6/2020. Months into a pandemic that has killed nearly 500,000 people worldwide, scientists are still trying to answer crucial questions about the coronavirus.
As many as 45% of people infected with COVID-19 have no symptoms, and they may play a major role in the spread of the virus, according to a new study. 6/2020
Asymptomatic and Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Residents of a Long-Term Care Skilled Nursing Facility - King County, Washington, March 2020 MMWR 3/2020
Asymptomatic coronavirus infections contribute to over 50% of spread, according to UChicago study 5/2021
Asymptomatic COVID-19 cases may be more common than suspected The problem? Even without symptoms, people can still spread the virus. 5/2020
Asymptomatic COVID: Silent, but Maybe Not Harmless 8/2020
Asymptomatic COVID-19 Transmission in China Confirmed? 2/2020
Asymptomatic spread makes testing key for COVID-19 fight 5/2020
Asymptomatic people may be fueling the coronavirus spread 4/2020
Capturing hidden data for asymptomatic COVID-19 cases provides a better pandemic picture. Measuring the disease spread poses a challenge when not all carriers show it 2/2022
Clinical Course and Molecular Viral Shedding Among Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Community Treatment Center in the Republic of Korea 8/2020
Even Asymptomatic People Carry the Coronavirus in High Amounts. Researchers in South Korea found that roughly 30 percent of those infected never develop symptoms yet probably spread the virus. 8/2020
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report 73 Pre-symptomatic and Presymptomatic transmission April 3, 2020 WHO.int
Coronavirus may be most infectious when symptoms are mildest, small study finds 4/2020
Coronavirus Spreads Quickly and Sometimes Before People Have Symptoms, Study Finds 3/2020
Coronavirus spreads quickly and sometimes before people have symptoms, study finds 3/2020
Covert coronavirus infections could be seeding new outbreaks 3/2020
Covid-19: Four in 10 cases in Italian town that locked down early were asymptomatic 7/2020
COVID-19: in the footsteps of Ernest Shackleton 5/2020 Cruise ship 81% asymptomatic!
COVID-19 spread is fueled by 'stealth transmission'. Cases of COVID-19 that fly under the radar without being diagnosed appear to fuel the rapid spread of the disease. 3/2020
Did you already have coronavirus in January or February? 4/2020
Estimating the generation interval for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) based on symptom onset data, March 2020 4/2020
Even children with no symptoms can spread Covid-19, CDC report shows 9/2020
Half of Singapore's new COVID-19 cases are symptomless, taskforce head says 6/2020
Hidden Outbreaks Spread Through U.S. Cities Far Earlier Than Americans Knew, Estimates Say 5/2020
How COVID Silent Spreaders May Be Infecting Others 4/2020
How does the new coronavirus spread? These new studies offer clues. 3/2020
How many COVID-19 infections are asymptomatic? Research shows it may be a lot more than thought 7/2020
How much is coronavirus spreading under the radar? 3/2020
How Stealth transmission is fueling the rapid spread of Covid-19, according to experts 3/2020
How the World Missed Covid-19's Silent Spread 6/2020
How to identify factors affecting COVID-19 transmission 3/2020
Indirect Virus Transmission in Cluster of COVID-19 Cases, Wenzhou, China, 2020 6/2020
Infected but Feeling Fine: The Unwitting Coronavirus Spreaders 4/2020
Infected people without symptoms might be driving the spread of coronavirus more than we realized 3/2020
In four US prisons, thousands of inmates are testing positive and 96% are asymptomatic 4/2020
In the W.H.O.'s Coronavirus Stumbles, Some Scientists See a Pattern 6/2020
It's not just people with symptoms who can spread COVID-19 3/2020
Magnitude of asymptomatic COVID-19 cases throughout the course of infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis 3/2021
More Evidence Points to Kids Being COVID-19 'Silent Spreaders' Study: 93% of infections would have been missed if only symptomatic cases were tested 8/2020
Most COVID-19 Cases Come from People Without Symptoms 1/2021
Most COVID Transmission Is Still Asymptomatic
— Some 60% of spread starts with those who have no symptoms, and that may be higher with Omicron 5/2022
New Study Says Silent Spreaders May Be Responsible For Half Of U.S. COVID-19 Cases 7/2020
Over 85% of COVID-19 Infections in China Went Undetected Early On 3/2020. Number of mild or asymptomatic infections emphasizes need for mitigation measures
People might be most infectious with coronavirus before they show symptoms, study suggests 4/2020
Presymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 -Singapore, January 23-March 16, 2020 4/2020 MMWR
Prevalence of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection A Narrative Review 6/2020
Rapid spread of COVID-19 is fueled by 'stealth transmission' 3/2020
SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Serologic Responses from a Sample of U.S. Navy Service Members, USS Theodore Roosevelt, April 2020 6/2020
SARS-CoV-2 Transmission From People Without COVID-19 Symptoms 1/2021 JAMA
South Korean Study Suggests Children Can Silently Spread COVID-19; Symptoms went unrecognized more often than not in infected kids 9/2020
'Stealth Transmission' Fuels Fast Spread of Coronavirus Outbreak 3/2020
Study: 17.9% Of People With COVID-19 Coronavirus Had No Symptoms 3/2020
Substantial Undocumented Infection Facilitates the Rapid Dissemination of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) 3/2020
The natural history and transmission potential of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection 6/2020
The truth about COVID-19 and asymptomatic spread: It's common, so wear a mask and avoid large gatherings 11/2020
Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany 3/2020 NEJM
We Still Don't Fully Understand The Label 'Asymptomatic' 6/2020
What Does Asymptomatic COVID-19 Look Like Under the Surface? Many individuals show subclinical abnormalities as well as differences from symptomatic patients 6/2020
What We Know About The Silent Spreaders Of COVID-19 4/2020
What We Need to Understand About Asymptomatic Carriers if We're Going to Beat Coronavirus 4/2020
WHO Creates 'Confusion' About Asymptomatic Spread. Here's What We Know 6/2020
WHO Says Asymptomatic Spread Of Coronavirus 'Very Rare,' But Experts Raise Questions 6/2020
Wuhan woman with no symptoms infects five relatives with coronavirus: study 2/2020
Back to Table of Contents
Superspreader Events (SSEs)
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7035e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/coronavirus-leading-through-the-crisis/charting-the-path-to-the-next-normal/people-who-see-people-how-high-mixers-help-spread-covid-19
Graphic source:
https://public.tableau.com/profile/betsy.ladyzhets#!/vizhome/superspreadingevents/DashSuperspreadingeventsmap
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6947e1.htm
Distribution of COVID-19 cases (N = 177) linked to a rural wedding reception, by date of onset or test - Maine, August 7–September 14, 2020
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6945a5.htm
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6945a5.htm
Graphic source: https://news.mit.edu/2020/super-spreading-covid-transmission-1102
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6941a4.htm
Transmission chains and attack rates in three COVID-19 child care facility outbreaks, Salt Lake County, Utah, April 1-July 10, 2020
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6937e3.htm
Graphic source: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8094933/How-one-man-spread-coronavirus-NINE-people-bus.html
Graphic source: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/20/health/airflow-coronavirus-restaurants.html
Chinese Restaurant transmission
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915e1.htm
Funeral community transmission
CDC - Korean Call Center - Blue = infected with COVID-19
Graphic source: https://www.vox.com/21262268/coronavirus-tips-covid-social-distancing-harm-reduction
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6920e2.htm
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/21699/coronavirus-outbreak-in-ischgl/"
Graphic source: https://www.statista.com/chart/21697/contact-tracing-response-seoul-south-korea-covid-19/
Graphic source: https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-researchers-show-how-covid-19-super-spreaders-are-a-big-part-of-the-problem/
Reich and colleagues construct graphs of people in their various states of infection and the like among people, to simulate how COVID-19 spreads. Caption from the article: "Contact tracing. Some share of the neighbors of a node which tests positive are traced and tested themselves." Reich et al. 2020
Graphic source: https://cosmosmagazine.com/biology/how-social-distancing-flattens-the-curve-of-coronavirus
This graph shows how an epidemic might spread across a network over time. Blue dots are susceptible individuals, while red dots are infected people. Two dots are connected by a line if they are in contact with each other, and the more contacts a person has, the bigger their dot is on the network. Author provided
Infected people are red nodes, and susceptible people are blue. The large node in the middle of the diagram is a super-spreader, a person who connects with many others, and thus has more potential to spread the disease.
Graphic source: https://quillette.com/2020/04/23/covid-19-superspreader-events-in-28-countries-critical-patterns-and-lessons/
Timeline of events and symptom onsets, by day of investigation, in a cluster of COVID-19 likely transmitted at two family gatherings - Chicago, Illinois, February-March 2020
Video source: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/14/us/coronavirus-updates.html
The farther the better
After Lavish Nights of Clubbing in Bangkok, a Covid Outbreak. Thailand went for months without a single confirmed case of local transmission, but the epidemic has now radiated from nightclubs to areas where social distancing is all but impossible. 6/2021
A large COVID-19 outbreak in a high school 10 days after schools' reopening, Israel, May 2020 7/2020
An Outbreak of COVID-19 Associated with a Recreational Hockey Game - Florida, June 2020 MMWR 10/2020
A person who was Covid-19 positive attended a church service and exposed 180 people 5/2020
Bars, Strip Clubs and Churches: U.S. Virus Outbreaks Enter Unwieldy Phase 6/2020
Clustering and superspreading potential of SARS-CoV-2 infections in Hong Kong 10/2020
Clusters of Coronavirus Disease in Communities, Japan, January-April 2020 6/2020
College towns fear super-spreader semester as students descend 8/2020
Community Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at Two Family Gatherings Chicago, Illinois, February-March 2020 4/2020
Coronavirus Cluster on Cape Cod: 10 Test Positive After Attending Large Party 7/2020
Coronavirus outbreak at USC's fraternity row leaves at least 40 people infected 7/2020
Coronavirus Ravaged a Choir. But Isolation Helped Contain It. 5/2020
Coronavirus Testing In Boston's Homeless Community Shows Shelter Size And Density Matter 5/2020
COVID-19 Outbreak Among a University's Men's and Women's Soccer Teams - Chicago, Illinois, July-August 2020 MMWR 10/2020
COVID-19 Outbreak Among College Students After a Spring Break Trip to Mexico Austin, Texas, March 26-April 5, 2020 MMWR 7/2020
COVID-19 Outbreak Associated with a 10-Day Motorcycle Rally in a Neighboring State - Minnesota, August-September 2020 MMWR 11/2020
Covid-19 superspreader events emerge as focus of concern. The White House cluster is the kind of incident that infectious disease experts are focusing on as a crucial way to understand how the coronavirus spreads. 10/2020
COVID-19 Superspreader Events in 28 Countries: Critical Patterns and Lessons 4/2020
Covid-19 "super-spreading" events play outsized role in overall disease transmission 11/2020
Days After a Funeral in a Georgia Town, Coronavirus Hit Like a Bomb 6/2020. A mourner came to Albany, Ga., to attend the funeral of a retired janitor. After a pause while the infections incubated, the virus swept through the community.
Dozens of persons in Shinjuku's sex industry infected with coronavirus 4/2020
Epidemiologically Linked COVID-19 Outbreaks at a Youth Camp and Men's Conference - Illinois, June-July 2021 8/2021 MMWR
Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in two Indian states 9/2020
Ford temporarily closed its Chicago Assembly Plant after two employees test positive for COVID-19 a day after reopening 5/2020
Google researchers: COVID-19 super-spreaders are a big part of the problem 5/2020
Greenwich & Darien Deal With Coronavirus 'Party Zero'-Type Cases 8/2020
High COVID-19 Attack Rate Among Attendees at Events at a Church, Arkansas, March 2020 5/2020
High SARS-CoV-2 Attack Rate Following Exposure at a Choir Practice — Skagit County, Washington, March 2020 5/2020 MMWR
Hospital Traces COVID Cluster to Break Room - 15 employees of Holyoke Medical Center fall ill after eating together 10/2020
How a Bus Ride Turned Into a Coronavirus Superspreader Event. One-third of passengers aboard a bus were infected by a fellow passenger, scientists reported. 9/2020
How a Premier U.S. Drug Company Became a Virus Super Spreader Biogen employees unwittingly spread the coronavirus from Massachusetts to Indiana, Tennessee and North Carolina. 4/2020 NYT
How a superspreader at choir practice sickened 52 people with COVID-19 5/2020
How Coronavirus Infected Some, but Not All, in a Restaurant, A limited study by Chinese researchers suggests the role played by air currents in spreading the illness in enclosed spaces. 4/2020
How Ischgl Set Off A Coronavirus Avalanche 5/2020
How large superspreader events turned into coronavirus hot spots. This is why large gatherings should be the last normal activity to come back after Covid-19 is contained. 5/2020
How one man spread coronavirus to NINE other people on his bus in China: Scientists find the deadly virus can travel four times the 'safe' distance and linger in the air for over 30 minutes in confined places 3/2020
How Superspreading Events Drive Most COVID-19 Spread. 6/2020, As few as 10 percent of infected people may drive a whopping 80 percent of cases, in specific types of situations
Intense fitness classes can lead to rapid spread of COVID-19, report shows 5/2020
Lamont Warns Of Possible Coronavirus Spread At Parties. The parties mainly took place in Fairfield County. One involved people sharing a vape pen, Lamont said. 7/2020
Maine CDC Investigates COVID-19 Outbreak Associated with Wedding Reception in Millinocket 8/2020
More Than 6,600 Coronavirus Cases Have Been Linked to U.S. Colleges 7/2020
Most People With Coronavirus Won't Spread It. Why Do a Few Infect Many? 6/2020
Multiple COVID-19 Outbreaks Linked to a Wedding Reception in Rural Maine - August 7-September 14, 2020 MMWR 11/2020
One Infected Clubgoer Triggers Massive Response 5/2020
Outbreak Associated with SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant in an Elementary School - Marin County, California, May-June 2021 8/2021 MMWR
Party with 400 people shut down during students' first weekend back at ECU, cops say 8/2020
Party Zero: How a Soiree in Connecticut Became a Super Spreader 3/2020 NYT
People who see people: How high mixers help spread COVID-19 4/2021
Police Tactics Are Putting Protesters at Higher COVID Transmission Risk. 6/2020. Cops are forgoing masks and other PPE, and violating protesters' boundaries by pulling masks down, forcing them into crowded spaces, and more.
Protests Pose Particular Risks for COVID-19 Transmission. 6/2020. Not just lack of social distancing, but increased droplet contact, tear gas could be factors
Rose Garden announcement of Supreme Court nominee potential 'super spreader' event, with Trump plus six others getting COVID 10/2020
SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Infection Among Attendees of an Overnight Camp - Georgia, June 2020 MMWR 7/2020
Spring Breaker Who Vowed To Party Despite Coronavirus Concerns Has Apologized 3/2020
Superspreading and the effect of individual variation on disease emergence 11/2005
The Coronavirus Infected Hundreds at a Georgia Summer Camp 7/2020
The Coronavirus's Rampage Through a Suburban Nursing Home 3/2020 NYT
The Effects of Large Group Meetings on the Spread of COVID-19: The Case of Trump Rallies 10/2020 Abstract
The Effects of Large Group Meetings on the Spread of COVID-19: The Case of Trump Rallies 10/2020 Article
Tracking Covid-19 infections among President Trump's contacts. What we know about the Covid-19 status of those who have been around the president recently. 10/2020
Tracing Trump's movements: A timeline of the days leading up to his COVID diagnosis. A review of his public schedule shows several possible "super-spreader" events. 10/2020
Two churches reclose after faith leaders and congregants get coronavirus 5/2020
What's A 'Super-Spreading Event'? And Has It Happened With COVID-19? 2/2020
What counts as a 'superspreader' event? 1o/2020
With the holidays coming, Covid cases likely to surge during 'six weeks of superspreader events' 10/2020
Why Are Some People So Much More Infectious Than Others? 4/2020
Why COVID-19 Flare-Ups Will Keep Happening 5/2020
Why understanding superspreaders is key to controlling COVID-19 PBS.org
Younger adults are biggest spreaders of Covid-19, study suggests 2/2021
Back to Table of Contents
Transmission Factors
Graphic source: https://www.bmj.com/content/375/bmj-2021-065312
Graphic source: https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciaa1442/5910315
Graphic source: https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciaa1442/5910315
Graphic source: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2767010
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0869-5
a, Schematic of the relation between different time periods in the transmission of infectious disease. b, Human-to-human transmission pairs of SAR-CoV-2 virus (N=77). We assumed a maximum exposure window of 21 days prior to symptom onset of the secondary cases. Detailed information on the transmission pairs and the source of information is summarized in Supplementary Tables 2 and 3. c, Estimated serial interval distribution (top), inferred infectiousness profile (middle) and assumed incubation period (bottom) of COVID-19.
Graphic source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0869-5
Viral load (threshold cycle (Ct) values) detected by RT-PCR (PCR with reverse transcription) in throat swabs from patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 (N=94), overall and stratified by disease severity, sex, age group and link to Hubei province. The detection limit was Ct40, which was used to indicate negative samples. The thick lines show the trend in viral load, using smoothing splines. We added some noise to the data points to avoid overlaps.
Back to Table of Contents
Air (Airborne)Transmission
Video Source: https://twitter.com/nytimes/status/1383871010617757703
VIDEO
Infected after 5 minutes, from 20 feet away: South Korea study shows coronavirus’ spread indoors
Evolution of a Cough
Graphic source: https://www.mcgill.ca/newsroom/channels/news/covid-19-without-masks-two-metres-distancing-not-enough-333819
Evolution of a cough with mask
Graphic source: https://www.mcgill.ca/newsroom/channels/news/covid-19-without-masks-two-metres-distancing-not-enough-333819
Graphic source:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7e8t-Rzv0I
Graphic source: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/6/21-0465-f2
Graphic source: https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-12-09/five-minutes-from-20-feet-away-south-korean-study-shows-perils-of-indoor-dining-for-covid-19
Graphic source: @ncdhhs
Graphic source: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/08/how-to-measure-risk-airborne-coronavirus-your-office-classroom-bus-ride-cvd/
Graphic source: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/08/how-to-measure-risk-airborne-coronavirus-your-office-classroom-bus-ride-cvd/
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/tukkerloo/status/1237078414416281605
Graphic source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041202031254X?via%3Dihub
Graphic source:
https://cosmosmagazine.com/science/physics/heres-why-you-should-close-the-toilet-lid/
Left: Vortex caused by common annular flushing. Right: Large-scale spread of virus particles after flushing. Credit: J-X Wang
Graphic source: https://boston.cbslocal.com/2020/05/12/coronavirus-spread-restaurant-airflow-erin-bromage/
Graphic shows how coronavirus spreads through air (Image credit University of Oregon)
Graphic source: https://api.nationalgeographic.com/distribution/public/amp/science/2020/01/how-coronavirus-spreads-on-a-plane
Respiratory droplets 2009
Let’s Clear The Air On COVID 3/23/2022 The White House
US, WHO officials and experts agree (sort of) on how COVID-19 spreads 4/2022
A case study of extended in-flight transmission of SARS-CoV-2 en route to Aotearoa New Zealand 11/2020
Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1 3/2020 ,/B>
Aerosol particle emission increases exponentially above moderate exercise intensity resulting in superemission during maximal exercise 5/2022
Concordance of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Aerosols From a Nurses Station and in Nurses and Patients During a Hospital Ward Outbreak 6/2022 JAMA Network
Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19 6/2020
It Is Time to Address Airborne Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) 6/2020
Mounting evidence suggests coronavirus is airborne — but health advice has not caught up 7/2020
Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a Nursing Home Associated With Aerosol Transmission as a Result of Inadequate Ventilation 8/2020
SARS-CoV-2 transmission on planes 4/2022
Scientific Brief: SARS-CoV-2 Transmission CDC.gov 5/2021
Ways COVID-19 Spreads CDC.gov 5/2021
The virus is an airborne threat, the C.D.C. acknowledges. 5/2021
Updated CDC guidance acknowledges coronavirus can spread through the air 9/2020
CDC finally acknowledges airborne COVID-19 spread, for real this time 10/2020
COVID-19: Without masks, two metres distancing is not enough 10/2021
COVID-19: Without masks, two meters distancing is not enough, research finds. Simulations track the spread of coughs and safe physical distancing indoors 10/2021
COVID Spread More Indoors by Talking Than Coughing, Study Suggests 1/2021
COVID-19 Is Transmitted Through Aerosols. We Have Enough Evidence, Now It Is Time to Act 8/2020
Droplets vs Aerosols: What's More Important in COVID-19 Spread? CDC finally acknowledged aerosol transmission, but contribution to case counts remains unclear 5/2021
Efforts to stop spread of COVID-19 should focus on preventing airborne transmission, experts say 4/2021
Epidemiologic Evidence for Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during Church Singing, Australia, 2020 6/2021
Fate and Transport of Indoor Microbiological Aerosols (FaTIMA) Web tool
Excel fatima-csv-template Fate and Transport of Indoor Microbiological Aerosols (FaTIMA)
Flushing a public toilet? Don't linger, because aerosolized droplets do. Study explores flushing power to test risk of COVID-19 transmission 4/2021
Simple safety measures reduce musical COVID-19 transmission 8/2021
6 feet may not be enough to avoid infectious aerosols indoors 9/2021
Transmission of Viruses in Droplets and Aerosols (part 1)
Transmission of Viruses in Droplets and Aerosols (part 2)
Transmission of Viruses in Droplets and Aerosols (part 3)
Transmission of Viruses in Droplets and Aerosols (Part 4) Youtube
239 Experts With One Big Claim: The Coronavirus Is Airborne 7/2020
Aboard the Diamond Princess, a Case Study in Aerosol Transmission. A computer model of the cruise-ship outbreak found that the virus spread most readily in microscopic droplets light enough to linger in the air. 7/2020
Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals 4/2020
Aerosol and Surface Distribution of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Hospital Wards, Wuhan, China, 2020 4/2020
Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1 3/2020
Aerosol Scientist: COVID-19 Is Likely Airborne 6/2020
Airborne Coronavirus Detected in Wuhan Hospitals 5/2020
Airborne Spread of SARS-CoV-2 and a Potential Role for Air Disinfection 6/2020 JAMA
Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Theoretical Considerations and Available Evidence 7/2020 JAMA
Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The world should face the reality 6/2020
Airborne Coronavirus: What You Should Do Now 7/2020
Airborne viruses can spread on dust, non-respiratory particles 8/2020
Can the coronavirus spread through speech? 4/2020
CDC: COVID-19 Can Spread 13 Feet, Travel on Shoes; 4/2020
Coronavirus can travel twice as far as official safe distance and stay in air for 30 minutes, Chinese study finds 3/2020 SCMP.com
Coronavirus Lingers in Air of Crowded Spaces, New Study Finds 4/2020
Coughs and sneezes travel farther than you think via @YouTube
COVID-19 may spread through breathing and talking but we don't know how much. 4/2020 Speech-related spread could help explain why people can spread the virus before they develop a cough.
COVID-19 Outbreak Associated with Air Conditioning in Restaurant, Guangzhou, China, 2020 7/2020 (Released 4/2020)
Covid-19 spreads through the air. That is a big challenge for reopening 6/2020
Covid Is Airborne, Scientists Say. Now Authorities Think So, Too 5/2021
Everything You Wanted to Know About Air Purifiers and Coronavirus 11/2020
Here's how coronavirus spreads on a plane and the safest place to sit. Global travel opens new roads for outbreaks, like coronavirus and the flu but which is more dangerous, and how can you stay safe? 3/2020 NATGEO
How airflow inside your car affects COVID-19 risk 12/2020
How Coronavirus Infected Some, but Not All, in a Restaurant A limited study by Chinese researchers suggests the role played by air currents in spreading the illness in enclosed spaces. 4/2020
How Did We Get Here: What Are Droplets and Aerosols and How Far Do They Go? A Historical Perspective on the Transmission of Respiratory Infectious Diseases 5/2021
How far can SARS-CoV-2 travel into the airways? A mathematical model shows it reaches deep into our lungs, and more to the right than the left. 6/2021
How Important Is Speech in Transmitting Coronavirus? 3/2020 ucdavis.edu
How important is speech in transmitting coronavirus? 4/2020
How To Protect Yourself From Coronavirus That Can Linger In The Air 9/2020
Infected after 5 minutes, from 20 feet away: South Korea study shows coronavirus’ spread indoors 12/2020
It is Time to Address Airborne Transmission of COVID-19 7/2020
Is COVID-19 spread through the air? 7/2020.
Scientists say there's mounting evidence it can be.
Measure the risk of airborne COVID-19 in your office, classroom, or bus ride 8/2020
Model: Face Masks Prevented Thousands of COVID-19 Cases. Researchers argue airborne transmission "dominant route for infection" 6/2020
Mounting Evidence Suggests Coronavirus Is Airborne but Health Advice Has Not Caught Up 7/2020
People are getting sick from coronavirus spreading through the air – and that's a big challenge for reopening 6/2020
Playing wind instruments generates less aerosol than vocalization, COVID-19 study finds 6/2021
Researchers link 'heavy wildfire smoke' in Reno to increased risk of contracting COVID-19 7/2021
Scientists Urge WHO To Update Guidance On Airborne Transmission Of The Coronavirus 7/2020 NPR
6 feet may not keep musicians safe during the pandemic 10/2020
Stay 6 Feet Apart, We're Told. But How Far Can Air Carry Coronavirus? Most of the big droplets travel a mere six feet. The role of tiny aerosols is the trillion-dollar question. 4/2020
Talking Can Generate Coronavirus Droplets That Linger Up to 14 Minutes 5/2020
The Coronavirus Is Airborne Indoors. Why Are We Still Scrubbing Surfaces? 11/2020
The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission 5/2020
The Coronavirus Can Be Airborne Indoors, W.H.O. Says 7/2020
The Coronavirus May Be Adrift in Indoor Air, C.D.C. Acknowledges 10/2020
The Flu May Linger in the Air, Just Like the Coronavirus 7/2020
The Scientist, the Air and the Virus 6/2020
The Shifting Paradigm of COVID-19 Airborne Transmission; Expert panel points to "circumstantial evidence," though research is evolving 8/2020
The 60-Year-Old Scientific Screwup That Helped Covid Kill. All pandemic long, scientists brawled over how the virus spreads. Droplets! No, aerosols! At the heart of the fight was a teensy error with huge consequences. 5/2021
Tree pollen carries SARS-CoV-2 particles farther, facilitates virus spread, study finds 6/2021
Turbulent Gas Clouds and Respiratory Pathogen Emissions - Potential Implications for Reducing Transmission of COVID-19 3/2020
Two meters distance might not be enough to avoid the spread of COVID-19 Social distance is important but also sneeze and cough etiquette 4/2020
Using a public restroom? Mask up! Flushing public restroom toilets or urinals can spew clouds of particles carrying viruses, including COVID-19 8/2020
Violent expiratory events: on coughing and sneezing 2/2014
Viral Load of SARS-CoV-2 in Respiratory Aerosols Emitted by COVID-19 Patients while Breathing, Talking, and Singing 8/2021
We Know Crowding Affects the Spread. It May Affect the Death Rate. Densely populated areas can have nearly twice the rate of transmission, and can make Covid-19 more deadly. Other areas can open more quickly. 4/2020
What airborne coronavirus means, and how to protect yourself
The COVID-19 pandemic has revived a decades-old debate about how respiratory diseases travel which affects the safety practices experts recommend. 8/2020
What is airborne transmission? WHO adds guidance on aerosols in coronavirus spread 7/2020
What We Know About Your Chances of Catching the Virus Outdoors 5/2020
When you cough, how far can it go? Physics suggests we should be distancing further. 5/2020
WHO Finally Admits Coronavirus Is Airborne. It’s Too Late 5/2020
Why the WHO took two years to say COVID is airborne 4/2022 Nature.com
Why you should close the toilet lid. Study shows flushing creates clouds that can carry viruses 6/2020
WHO: The coronavirus may be airborne and could float beyond 6 feet in restaurants, bars, and other indoor locations 7/2020
Back to Table of Contents
Hand Dryer Concerns
Back to Table of Contents
Fecal-Oral Transmission
Back to Table of Contents
Fomite (Contact) Transmission
Graphic source: https://twitter.com/WebMD/status/1249276076146282496
Graphic source: https://www.newyorker.com/science/elements/from-bats-to-human-lungs-the-evolution-of-a-coronavirus
According to researchers at Rocky Mountain Laboratories, some viral particles remain viable up to four hours on copper, twenty-four hours on cardboard, and seventy-two hours on plastic and stainless steel, though the number of viable particles begins to decrease within minutes.
Household Transmission
Graphic source: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7109e1.htm
Are Young Children Super Spreaders of SARS-CoV-2 in Families? 9/2021
CDC: Vaccination Curbed, but Didn't Halt, Omicron in Households - Attack rates still highest among unvaccinated index cases 2/2022
Community transmission and viral load kinetics of the SARS-CoV-2 delta (B.1.617.2) variant in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals in the UK: a prospective, longitudinal, cohort study 10/2021 Lancet.com
Coronavirus spreads quickly among household members, CDC report finds
The report noted that the age of the index patient didn't matter — adults, children and teens all spread the virus to others in their households. 10/2020
Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from Children and Adolescents 7/2021 NEJM
If You Love Your Family, Stay the Hell Away From Them/ People are letting their guards down while visiting loved ones, and it's putting them and everyone else around them at risk. 8/2020
Kids sick with Covid are filling up children's hospitals in areas seeing spikes
Absolutely household infections are the beginning of this pandemic, that is a major driving force in the spread of infections. We see it often within households, parents to children a pediatrician said. 8/2021
SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) Variant Transmission Within Households - Four U.S. Jurisdictions, November 2021–February 2022 2/2022 MMWR
Transmission of SARS-COV-2 Infections in Households -Tennessee and Wisconsin, April-September 2020 10/2020
Back to Table of Contents
Person to Person (Droplet/Respiratory; Saliva) Transmission
(A) Schlieren image (visualization using light refraction caused by differences in air density) of a human cough, and (B) flash photo of a human sneeze
Graphic source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK143281/
Graphic source: https://cosmosmagazine.com/physics/when-you-cough-how-far-can-it-go
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-20-545SP
Graphic source: https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-20-545SP
Determining the necessary spacing for effective social distancing, such as for riders in a subway car, can affect the extent of disease transmission. The shaded circle (top) shows the number of people who could be directly infected by droplets from a sick person.
Back to Table of Contents
Sexual Transmission (Being investigated)
Vertical Transmission
Zoonotic Transmission
Graphic source: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481551v1
Other Forms of Reported Transmission
Back to Table of Contents
Back to Table of Contents
Search Betty C. Jung's Web site
Search the Entire Internet
Back to Table of Contents
PUBLISHED ON THE WEB: March 30, 2020
Updated: 8/15/2022 R13,720
Comments, suggestions, dead link reports:
Links
Back to Top
© Copyright 2020-2022 Betty C. Jung
All rights reserved.